PHL: Study Guide (Exam 3)

The explanation with the fewest assumptions is more likely to be true.

The explanation consistent with other well-established beliefs is more likely to be true.

Drawing conclusions based on the number and variety of cases.

Drawing conclusions based on the best possible explanation for a phenomenon.

Misrepresenting an opponent's view for easy dismissal.

An argument where accepting the conclusion is necessary to accept the premises.

Assuming significant events will follow if a certain event occurs without warrant.

Rejecting a vague claim due to lack of precision.

An argument with ambiguous words or phrases whose meaning shifts.

Criteria that, once met, is all that is needed.

Individuals or cultures determine right or wrong actions.

At least some ethical standards are true for everyone.

Belief that there are no moral truths.

Good determines right and wrong actions.

Maximizing happiness and well-being of those affected by actions.

Moral rightness due to God's command or God commands due to moral rightness.

Pleasures from sentience.

Pleasures from reasoning ability.

Treat people as ends in themselves, not mere means.

Lying, suicide, wasting talents, not helping others as moral contradictions.

Moral virtue as a mean between two vices.

True happiness or flourishing.

Those responsible for their actions and know right from wrong.

Avoid causing unnecessary harm to others.

Equals should be treated equally.

Things are qualitatively identical if they share similar features.

Things are numerically identical if they are one and the same.

Body, Soul, Memory, Illusion theories.

An intelligent being with reason and consciousness.

A memory that can be consciously recalled at the moment.

Material, Formal, Efficient, Final causes.

Encourages equal treatment of all.

Provides a way to live free from desire and false beliefs.