personality

unique and stable ways people think

value judgements of a person's moral and ethical behavior

the enduring characteristics with which each person is born

Focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality. heavily focused on biological causes of personality differences.

this approach focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior

first arose as a reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives. focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development

concerned with the end result- the characteristics themselves. although some trait theorists assume that traits are biologically determined

divisions of the mind

memories

current awareness

thoughts

if it feels good do it

amoral part of personality

the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior

desire for immediate gratification of needs with no regard for the consequences

develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious rational and logical

satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result

acts as a moral center

part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior -contains the conscience

disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage

dominated by the id. mouth is erogenous zone. weaning is primary conflict chewing. oral fixation.

anus erogenous zone. toilet training conflict. expulsive or retentive personality.

erogenous zone is genitals. know differences in sexes. develop normal genital stimulation. sexual feelings. castration (boys) penis envy (girls)

Which stage does the Oedipus conflict occur?

sexual feelings repressed, same-sex play, social skills. develop physically intellectually, socially but not sexually

sexual feelings consciously expressed. immature love or indiscriminate hate. uncontrollable working or inability to work.

Who created the collective unconscious?

memories shared by all members of the human species

feminine

masculine

collective, human memories

Who created the defense mechanism called compensation?

overcoming feelings of inferiority in one area of life by achieving in another aspect of life

men need to compensate for inability to bear children

created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

personalities typifies by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships

Who created the psychosocial stages?

Criticisms of psychodynamic perspective

use principles of conditioning to explain behavior

emphasize the influence of social and cognitive factors on learning

behaviorists believe that personality is nothing more than a set of ________ ______ or habits

importance of influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies of learning

Who created reciprocal determinism?

how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

people are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment

a person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence

tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

aspects of personality that make people uniquely human. subjective feelings of freedom and choice

human beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities and to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become

image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life

one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be. Usually from important people in our life

warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life

positive regard given without conditions or strings attached

positive regard that is only given when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings. experiencing match between real and ideal self. on the road to self actualization

describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

Who believed that traits are wired into the nervous system to guide one's behaviors

Who believed that there are two types of traits?

aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

represent core description of human personality

willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability

one's need to be with other people

easygoing, friendly, likeable, grumpy, crabby, unpleasant

emotional stability or instability

assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed

field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics

identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins in intelligence, leadership abilities, following rules, assertiveness, aggressiveness -true even when twins are brought up separately

genetic influences account for a great deal of personality development regardless of shared or non shared environments

tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements

presentation of ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind. used also in diagnostics -low reliability, validity

defense mechanism involving placing or projecting one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

10 inkblots are shown, patient is asked to say what they see. scored based on reference to color, shape, figures seen

professional observes the client engaged in ordinary day to day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting

numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale

frequency of a particular behavior is counted

paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific standardized response from the person taking the test