Philosophy 101 Final Exam

anything known in which something else is known

a thing that exists in its own right but also serves as a sign

sign that has no existence apart from its role as a sign (examples: phantasms and thoughts about a thing)

either formal or instrumental; a sign whose meaning is determined by the nature of the very thing that is the sign

must be instrumental; a sign whose meaning is determined by human will

a relationship (essential or non essential) between the subject and predicate

a universal said of a subject as part of the essence of that subject (example: the genus of blue is color)

a universal said of a subject as part of the essence of that subject (example: the spec. diff. of a triangle from other rectilinear figures is that it is 3 sided.)

a universal said of a subject as the whole essence of that subject (genus + specific difference) (example: a triangle’s species is a 3 sided rectilinear figure)

a universal said of a subject which may or may not belong to that subject while it remains the same kind of thing (example: the rose is red; all roses do not have to be red).

a universal said of a subject that does not belong essentially to the subject but it does belong necessarily and exclusively to that subject. (example: a human being is risible; able to laugh).

the set of objects falling under a concept (large extension to small extension: animal – cat – siamese)

the set of intelligible notes that together constitute the elements of a concept (large comprehension to small comprehension: beagle – dog – animal)

use of one term to signify one concept (example: fruit said of apple and banana)

use of one term to signify two different concepts (example: bat said of the animal and of the baseball equipment)

1. composite terms (ex: blue bell, red leaf)

2. singulars and not universals (ex: socrates)

3. negative terms (ex: nonhuman)

4. transcendentals (ex: good, thing, true)

all

some

all A are B

no A are B

some A are B

some A are not B

x is B, x is not B

A are B, A are not B

diagonal; if one is true, the other is false and vice versa

horizontal A and E; starting with true, the other is false. starting with false, the other is undetermined

horizontal with I and O; starting with false, the other is true. starting with true, the other is undetermined

starting with A or E, goes down; descends with truth, starting with false makes other undetermined

starting with I or O and goes up; goes up with falsity, starting with true makes other undetermined

only in the premises

predicate of conclusion and in major premise

subject of conclusion and in minor premise

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