Biology 181 Test 3-Phylogeny and Biodiversity

the man who developed a modern definition of the word "species"

"Father of Taxonomy"; established his classification of living things; famous for animal naming system of binomial nomenclature

Genus + epithet(species)

Canidae, Reptilia, Homonidae, etc

Domain->Kingdom->Phylum->Class->Order->Family->Genus->Species

How living things are classified

Group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class

Ideally, monophyletic (all the descendants from a common ancestor)

Study of evolutionary history and relationships of a species or group of species.

A taxon that consists of a most recent common ancestor and all its descendants

A taxon that consists of a most recent common ancestor and some of its descendants

A taxon that consists of unrelated organisms who are from a different recent common ancestor. This group lacks a most recent common ancestor

shared derived character

-Fossil Records -Morphology -Physiology -Behavior -Embryological development -DNA/RNA sequences

Reconstructs phylogenetic tress by considering various evolutionary pathways

Group of evolutionary ancestors and descendants of a common ancestor

Clades that share an immediate common ancestor; two clades that are each other's closest relatives

Diagram showing evolutionary relationships among organisms

diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor; resembles a tree

traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor

in ancestor of group; may be retained or changed in descendants

newly evolved features that do not appear in the common ancestors

features shared between species that were not inherited from a common ancestor

Preferred explanation of observed data is the simplest explanation

-Life Cycles -Extraembryonic Membranes -Excretory Product -Temperature Regulation -Skull Types

One set of chromosomes (n)

Two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Sex cells (haploid)

Gamete-producing structure

cell division process; yields haploid gamete or spores

cell division process; yields identical cells

A tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism

The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces spores.

the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle

Eggs laid in water, no special water-filled enclosure (non-amniotes)

Shelled Egg

Marsupial and placental (eutherian) uterus

Placental mammal

their embryos are protected by extraembryonic membranes

Protects embryo in a sac filled with amniotic fluid

Contains yolk; sole source of food until hatching

Stores metabolic wastes of the embryo

lines inner surface of shell & participates in the gas exchange between embryo and outside air

Ammonia

Urea

Uric Acid

Warm-blooded animals; get heat from metabolic activities within the body

Cold-blooded animals; get heat from the external environment

Keep body temperature constant

Allow body temperature to fluctuate

Mammals, one temporal fenestrae

anapsids and diapsids

no temporal fenestrae (turtles)

two temporal fenestrae

Domains Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya.

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

asexual binary fission

Small circular DMA molecules within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently

-number of tissue types in embryos -type of body symmetry -degree of cephalization -presence or absence of fluid-filled cavity -the way early development proceeds

two germ layers: ectoderms and endoderms. Cnidaria & Ctenophora

three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Adult echinoderms

A fluid-containing space between the digestive tract and the body wall.

fluid-filled body cavity lined with mesoderm

organisms without a ceolem. Flatworms

An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm

mouth develops first, arthropods, mollusks, annelids

anus develops first, Chordata phylum, echinoderms

vertebrates

compromised of hyphae, have cell walls mainly of chitin

Heterotrophs that acquire nutrients by absorption

Absorb nutrients from nonliving organisms

Absorb nutrients from living host's cells

modified for predation

appendage or portion of a parasitic fungus that penetrates host's tissue and draws nutrients from it

Hyphae of certain fungi and roots of most seed plants that absorbs nutrients

Common in freshwater environments; Have enzymes that digest cellulose so they are important decomposers of plant tissue; can live in the guts of herbivores to help digest their food; have a flagellated stage called a zoospore that produces and holds spores

Soil dwellers (lakes and wet soils); Comprise the common bread molds and fruit rots; are decomposers, parasites, and mutualists; form zygospores that are resistant to harsh conditions; can form mycorrhizal associations

Mycorrhizal fungi; 90% of plants have relationships with these fungi and need them to exist: increase surface area and protecting the roots

Sac fungi; found in diverse habitats; 70% of all fungi belong to this group; spores are in sacs called asci; includes yeast, truffles, morels, and penicillin; can become diseases

Typical mushroom; includes shelf/bracket fungi, some molds, and rusts; named for basidia that are club-like cells where spores form; have mycorrhizal associations and lichens; some are mutualistic with insects

no vascular tissue to conduct water or provide support

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort

Have vascular tissue but do not make seeds

Lycophytes, Whisk Ferns, Horsetails, Ferns

Have vascular tissue and make seeds

cycads, ginkos, conifer

flowering plants

Unicellular organisms engulfed other cells which became organelles: chloroplasts, mitochondria

eating live or dead organisms or scavenging loose bits of organic debris. Paramecium

taking nutrients directly from the environment

waves hair-like appendages called cilia to propel itself

uses lobe-like pseudopodia to anchor itself to a solid surface and pull itself

Uses a whip-like tail called a flagellum to propel itself

Ancestral character trait shared by two or more lineages in a clade

Human hair is a _______

Saprobes that display positive chemotaxis when near a favorable substrate. Spherical and reproduce/replicate quickly.