Psychology touch ups

Imbalance of neurotransmitters can cause depression

People with depression have less serotonin

When people have depression they have less neurons releasing norepinephrine (this hormone triggers the fight or flight response)

Negative schemas

Factors that won’t change

Stop the reuptake of serotonin

After a neurotransmitter communicates a message

The neuron reabsorbs the transmitter

Group 1 had cbt and depressants

Group 2 only had antidepressants

All Ppts were depressed and found that antidepressants were not working

Dependence is biological so the body only feels normal when the substance is consumed

Addiction is when u have to take it to stop withdrawals

Kahjis study

Peer pressure

Cns and pns

Coordinates info and makes decisions abt movement

Collects and send info

Autonomic and somatic

Brain and spinal chord

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Sets off arousal

Goes to sympathetic

Emotions are just the reactions to bodily changes

S - prompted research

W - different patterns for different emotions

The chemical is released from swellings at the end of each dendrite, called synaptic knobs.

These contain vesicles of neurotransmitter and when an electric impulsive reaches them, the vesicles open and release the chemicals into the synapse.

These chemicals are then picked up at receptor sites on the next neuron, which are sensitive to that particular neurotransmitter. This is the process of synaptic transmission.

Some synapses will make the receiving neuron more likely to generate an electrical impulse, this is called excitation. Meanwhile other synapses will make the neuron less likely to fire, this is called inhibition

When an action is done enough times the pathway it creates gets stronger

Cerebellum

Thought memory and problem solving

Integrates information to form complex info

Visual info

Balance and coordination

Very sensitive parts have a lot of this

Speech production

Understanding speech

Written language

Slices of brain

Radioactive chemical in brain

Use magnets to attract water molecules in brain

Thoughts and behaviours are effected by language

Language leads to different focuses

Language makes some ways of thinking easier

Language may lead to memory bias

Serviceable habits

Principle of actions being due to the nervous system

S - medical evidence for nervous system causing dialation

W - some habits have no purpose like gestures

Ponzo muller Lyer Rubin’s necker kanzia Ames

Misinterpreting depth cues

ambiguity

Ambiguity

Ambiguity

Height in plane relative size occlusion linear perspective

also known as an ecological theory of perception

perception evolved in order to help animals best deal with their environment.

We developed colour vision to help us pick ripe fruits and berries while depth perception is seen as essential for jumping across branches by primates to avoid potential threats on the ground

Gibson argued our perception includes the possibilities for actions which they afford (their affordances)

past knowledge and experience is the most important factor when making sense of the world around us.

perception worked by making reasonable guesses about what we are seeing based on what it is most likely to be.

These were referred to as perceptual hypotheses

 Gregory believed perception involved cognitive processes and that we do not simply perceive information that we receive. Instead, we also rely on stored knowledge and experiences which affects our perception.

Fixed and growth

Self efficacy

Praise in learning

Learning styles are fake

People confirm when presented with an unfamiliar situation

Group size task difficulty and anonymity

Personality and expertise

Agentic state is being willing to obey

Autonomous state is feeling responsibility

Agentic shift is agentic to autonomous

We are more willing to obey in agentic

Authority culture and proximity

Self esteem confidence iq

We get authoritarian personalities from our childhood

Presence of others and cost of helping

Expertise and similarity to the victim

Group size and competition within the group

Reconstructive memory

Effort after meaning

Interference

Context

False memories

s - pet and fmri scans evidence this

w - we remember random pieces of information

Children from western societies, however, are shaped by their exposure to line drawings so draw them from the side showing only half the animal.

Tribal children instead draw it as if it were flat and spread across and they do this because they perceive the whole animal.

Bouchard and McGue (1981) study found a strong case for genetics playing a strong role in intelligence. This study looked at the IQ scores of people who shared various percentages of genetics and who were reared together in similar environments as well as apart. 

The brain stem is shaped like a widening stalk and connects the spinal cord to the brain. It controls basic autonomic functions

Self-efficacy is defined as the belief you have in your own ability to succeed at a task

conducted in america

those that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole usa

one that's based on valuing the needs of a group or a community over the individual china

only worked on social factors not dispositional

One experiment filmed people from Papua New Guinea telling a story using non-verbal communication. The film was shown to college students from America who were able to accurately identify the emotions they conveyed.

yuki

survival reproduction territory or food

productivity and displacement

our thoughts and behaviours are affected and formed by the language we speak

our language may ….

• Lead us to focus on certain ways of seeing and understanding things.

• Make some ways of thinking easier and more likely than others.

• Lead to a memory bias whereby the ability to recall or retrieve certain information is increased or decreased.