Marine Bio Final Pt.1

• no light

• constant cold temperature

• low variability

• high pressure

• highest at intermediate depths

• declines with increasing depth

• declines with depth

• likely due to decreasing food availability

• decomposers

• deposit feeders dominate (mobile bc of sparse food)

• omnivorous scavengers

• main: marine snow (plankton and materials rain down)

• sinking of larger organisms and seaweed clumps (whale falls)

• decomposers: decomposition very slow

• chemosynthesis

• finding mates, communication

• luring and finding prey

• escape behavior

• counter illumination

• confusing pred or prey

• burglar alarms

• no gas spaces (swim bladders)

• high water content (buoyancy)

• small size

• reduced ossification: gelatinous, blob fish

• consume whatever prey there

• feeding: large mouth, vertical migration, symbiosis

• switch from planktonic food sources to deposit feeder or predator strategies

• finding mate use light and scent

• dwarf or parasitic males

• long lives

• specialized enzymes

• slow metabolism

• gigantism

• long lives and slow growth because less food and oxygen and cold

• vents

• cold seeps

• seamounts

• deep coral mounds

• local and ephemeral food sources (whale falls)

• hadal trenches

• mid ocean ridges where hot water emerges

• upwelling of magma, volcanic activity

• main: chemosynthetic sulfur reducing bacteria (free living or symbionts in bivalves and tube-worms)

• worldwide depths from 500-4,000m

• tectonically active places where hydrogen sulfide, oil, methane, and highly saline waters leak out to form brine pools

• production of carbonate rocks and reefs

• deep sea escarpments (Gulf of MX) can also leak lots of hydrocarbons and sulfides

• slower growing

• longer lived

• cold version of h vents

• main food source: chemosynthetic sulfur reducing bacteria

• relatively isolated elevated areas, usually volcanic origins

• upwelling and high productivity

• can have deep coral mounds (delicate, slow growing, no zooxanthellae)

• predictable pattern of succession: mobile scavengers → polychaetas and gastropods remove larger pieces → bacteria, mussels, bone worms

• more common historically

• benthic: blind grabs and dredge, box cores, GPS guided coring, submersibles

• deep sea nekton: trawls, submersibles

• unique invertebrate and fish assemblages

• food web structure

• nursery for nekton (fish and decapods)

• human importance

• shallow, well-mixed with large freshwater input

• lagoon, hypersaline systems

• fjord systems, poorly mixed

• Pamlico sound

• Chesapeake bay

• Cape Fear

• goes from fresh to salt

• well oxygenated

• river input normally

• typical estuary

extra:

• gradients in mixing and vegetation

• temporal spatial variation in salinity

• cline in substrate type

• seasonably variable planktonic production

• may have reduced or seasonal pred numbers

• sink for organic matter

• high abundances of a few species

• diversity declines going to low at 5ppt then increases toward freshwater

• turbidity max

• Laguna Madre

• Mediterranean

• Australia

• Masonboro sound

• high salinity

• hot

• separated

• not much freshwater input

• high evaporation

• diverse, lower abundance

• seasonality dampened

• lower productivity

• canadia and scandanavia

• some basin areas

• deep

• stratification

• low oxygen at depth

• sill at mouth restricts flow to deeper

• low productivity

• freshwater influence in shallow areas

• oligotrophic (low nutrients)

• shallow well mixed may have high faunal abundance

• fewer trophic levels

• fewer species and lower diversity

• high resilience but low resistance to change

• habitats: seagrasses, salt marshes, oyster reefs

• seasonal peaks in food supply: juveniles and larvae

• predator avoidance: grass shrimp, blue crabs

• habitat complexity

• separation of adult and juvenile pops

• support fisheries

• varying salinity habitats: fish migrations, species use diff salinity zones during life stages

• open estuarine connection to ocean

• wetlands: stabilization, filter

• shellfish: oyster, shoreline protection, filtration

• island: nesting, marsh

• silver perch

• mummichog

• penaeid shrimp

• blue crab

• grass shrimp

• vegetation: juncus roemerianus, phragmites australis, spartina altiflora

• mollusks

• crustaceans

• fish

• reptiles: alligator, terrapin

• birds: oyster catcher, bald eagle

• 14 important bird areas

• amendment: water quality, wastewater infrastructure, monitoring of key habitats, oyster restoration

• marsh and oyster restoration

• removal and redesign of dams

• fish ladders

• buffers, agricultural practices

• know chemical inputs

• recreational and commercial fishing best practices

• research, education

• largest estuary in world

• commercial fisheries: blue crabs, striped bass, menhaden, oysters

• forests

• rivers and streams

• reefs and pilings

• beaches and tidal flats

• marshes and wetlands

• submerged aqautic vegetation

• open and shallow waters

• channels and islands

• reduce pollution, restore habitat, manage fisheries, protecting watersheds, outreach programs

• Obama executive order to recognize as national treasure

• limit nutrient and sediment discharge

• marginal sea, semi-enclosed body of water, large

• restricted circulation

• warm

• almost completely enclosed

• evaporation exceeds precip, relies on inputs from atlantic

• biodiversity of stable area

• current circulate to promote mixed settlement areas

• little seasonal change

• many species with higher biodiversity in coastal areas, cont shelves, decreases with depth

• intense human impact: pollution, tourism, overfishing, shipping, sea level change

• cold

• largest inland brackish area

• partially landlocked

• significant freshwater inflow

• long term ice coverage, decline with warming

• halocline: vertical stratification of water column, barrier to exchange of oxygen and nutrients, separate environments

• issues: eutrophication, overfishing, contaminants

• shape from plate tectonics

• very small tidal range from narrow connection to atlantic

• some areas very deep

• biota: shallow shoreline, cold seeps, supports important fisheries

• impacts: pollution, oil spills

• strong effect from Mississippi river, growing hypoxic zone

• many islands and reefs, GBR

• more open connections with surrounding ocean

• internal loop current can entrain larvae, could maintain diversity

• catching for sale

• part-time and full-time fishers

• part-time increasing in US

• not fishing for sale

• catch and release and personal consumption

• not as well reported

• can have equal or greater take than commercial in areas

• can have bycatch

• agencies: control fishing times, locations, method, institute size limit and seasonal catch limit

• water quality and habitat protection measures

• limited entry

• commercial fishing and aquaculture zones

• education on practices

• no take zones

• national waters and autonomy

• international treaties

• vary per country

• outside nat economic exclusion zones: freedom to high seas, regional fisheries mngmt organization, UN organizations

• enforcement difficult

• many interacting agencies

• beyond 3 mile jurisdiction: federal fisheries management commission

• within state: division of marine fisheries,

• overfishing: changes in food web structure, majority of fish on threshold

extra:

• destruction of critical habitat

• growing world population

• contaminant and sediment input

• climate change

• introduced species and diseases

• harmful algal blooms: shellfish poisoning