Common Fallacies in Arguments

An argument that begins from false or suspect premises

When an argument could have multiple different conclusions

When an argument avoids having to confront the question at hand directly

When a word has one or more meanings

Poses question that has not been proven as rhetorical

Sentence can be interpreted with different meanings

Poses argument as one side or another with no middle ground

Moving something from a part to the whole illicitly

Moving something from the whole to a part illicitly

Misinterpreting opposition’s argument to weaken it

An attempt to change the subject of an argument so as to not have to defend a point

Illicitly generalizing from some to all, illicit because the sample is too small

Illicitly generalizing from some to all, illicit because the sample doesn't represent the population

Applying a truth about the whole to a single member of a population

Making the argument personal by attacking the opposition's persona, ideals, etc

Making the argument personal by attacking the opposition's motives behind the argument

Making the argument personal by calling out the opposition for being hypocritical (not practicing what they preach)

Fallacy in thinking no proof of X implies not X

Appeal to the people, groupthink

Believing that temporal succession implies a causal relation: after this, therefore because of this

Relying on the testimony of a false authority

Not the cause for the cause, thinking A causes B when B actually causes A

trying to replace the force of evidence and reasons with emotion

Identifying any one of many causes as the only cause

Deliberately omitting information that would undermine the argument

The idea that this will lead to that, which leads to another thing, and then to an extreme outcome

When an arguer resorts to threats or violence

The thinking that because A is like B, and B has the property C, A also has the property C

Failing to draw the correct conclusion from the premises

Incorrect thinking that if A then B, and B so A

Incorrect thinking that if A then B and not A so not B

Assuming exclusive disjunction when it could be inclusive, based off different meanings of the word "or"

Changing quantifier words out for each other, e.g. some, all, only

Incorrectly moving the word "not" around a sentence, changing the meaning of the sentence in the process

trying to makes one’s own argument appear stronger than it is using vague language