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axial skeleton
vertical axis of body
what bones are part of the axial skeleton
head, neck, trunk, hyoid bone (under skull), vertebral column, thoracic cage (12 pairs of ribs), sternum
appendicular skeleton
appendages and attachments
what bones are part of the appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle (shoulders), pelvic girdle (hips), legs, feet, arms, hands
sections of vertebral column
cervical (neck), thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx (tailbone)
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccyx
abnormal spine curvature
may be congenital or a result from disease, poor posture, or unequal muscle pull on spine
true ribs
first 7 ribs - connected directly to sternum by cartilage
false ribs
ribs 8-10 are connected to seventh rib by cartilage, not directly to sternum
floating ribs
11 and 12 are much smaller and don’t connect directly
sternum
ileum
ischium
scapula
clavicle
tarsal
calcaneus
metatarsal
phalanges (feet)
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges (hand)
long bones appearance
longer than they are wide
long bone function
mechanical strength
short bone description
cube shaped
short bone function
multi-directional motion
flat bones description
thin and flat
flat bone function
mechanical protection to soft bone underneath
irregular bone description
complicated shapes that cannot be classified
flat bone function
provides major mechanical support for body, vertebra protects spinal cord
sesamoid bone description
un-named
sesamoid bone function
protects from additional friction and use, can form in palms and soles
humerus
radius
ulna
patella
pubis
femur
tibia
fibula
occipital
frontal
parietal
temporal
maxilla
mandible
nasal
lacrimal
ethmoid
sphenoid
zygomatic
foramen magnum
coronal
sagittal
lambdoid
squamous
Note
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