Quizlet 1 Exam

gross anatomy, study of large body structures, visible to naked eye

divided into regional and systemic anatomy

the small structures that are not seen

structural changes throughout lifetime

1. chemical level - atoms form molecules, molecules form organelles (basic components of cells)

2. cellular level - vary in size, shape, and function

3. tissue level - groups of similar cells with common function (epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous)

4. organ level - complex functions become possible

5. organ system level - organs working together

6. organism level - sum total of all structural levels working together

cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, urinary, integumentary, skeletal, muscular system, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, reproductive

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takes in nutrients, breaks down, eliminates unabsorbed matter

mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

takes in oxygen, eliminates or gets rid of CO2 from the body (lungs and air sacs)

lungs. Other respiratory organs include the nose, the trachea and the breathing muscles (the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles)

distributes oxygen and nutrients via blood to all the body cells, and delivers waste and CO2 to disposal organs

heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries

eliminates Nitrogen waste and excess ions

kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra

protects body from the external everything, I made up by your hair, skin, and nails

(or plasma membrane - single-cell, creates cell barrier from the outside world): every organism must maintain boundaries so that the internal does not go external

protects and support the organs, framework for the muscles, blood cells are formed through hematopoiesis, stores minerals, made up of bones and joints

bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

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manipulation of the environment, facial expression, posture, heat, etc.

composed of muscle fibers,

Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction

Each organ or muscle consists of skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and blood or vascular tissue

control system of the body

The nervous system has two main parts: The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body

brain and spinal cord

hormones

the glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body

the hormones released by the endocrine system control many important functions in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, and reproductionhypothalamus.

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, the ovaries, the testes.

white blood cells and immunity to viruses or diseases, attacking foreign substances in the body

bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessel

he tissues, glands, and organs involved in producing offspring (children)

in women, the reproductive system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina

in men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis

In women, the reproductive system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis

muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular

nervous system, endocrine system

digestive, urinary, nervous, cardiovascular, muscular

digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine

digestion, urinary

oxygen, nutrients, narrow range of temperature, narrow range of atmospheric pressure, and water

bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

dynamic state of equilibrium, varies within a very small range

communication is essential with nervous and endocrine system, neural electrical impulses/hormone communicators

stimulus → receptor → input (info to control center) → output (information is sent to the effector) → response (the effector responds and returns to homeostatic levels)

output shuts off original effect of stimulus or reduces its intensity

examples - regulation of body temperature, the withdrawal reflex, endocrine system very important with the control of blood sugar and insulin levels

causing variable to deviate further from the original value, same direction as initial change, typically set off through a linked sequence of events (“cascades” amplify original stimulus)

oxytocin with labor contractions, blood clotting, fever

standard body position - body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms face forward, thumbs point away

above or farther towards the top

below, farther towards bottom

in fornt of

behind

towards midline

away from midline, outside

between a more medial and more lateral structure

closer to the origin of the body, closer to the attachment of the limb than the part it is being compared to

farther from the attachment of the limb

closer to the body’s surface

farther away from body’s surface

vertical plane that divides body into right and left

midsagittal - lies exactly in median

parasagittal - offset from midline

divided body into anterior and posterior

divides body into superior and inferior parts, lies horizontal anywhere along the body from head to foot

cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes, seldom used

Anabolism requires energy to grow and build

Anabolism is a biochemical process in metabolism where the simple molecules combine to generate complex molecules. This process is endergonic, which means it is not spontaneous and requires energy to progress the anabolic reaction

Catabolism uses energy to break down

Catabolism is what happens when you digest food and the molecules break down in the body for use as energy. Large, complex molecules in the body are broken down into smaller, simple ones. An example of catabolism is glycolysis. This process is almost the reverse of gluconeogenesis

Metabolism is a balancing act involving two kinds of activities that go on at the same time:

1. building up body tissues and energy stores (called anabolism)

2. breaking down body tissues and energy stores to get more fuel for body functions (called catabolism)

involves negative feedback loop, heart rate falls when blood pressure rises, and vice-versa when blood pressure falls, thus modulating blood pressure fluctuations

The release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland during labor is an example of positive feedback mechanism. Oxytocin stimulates the muscle contractions that push the baby through the birth canal. The release of oxytocin result in stronger or augmented contractions during labor

Deviation of hypothalamic temperature away from this point activates appropriate responses in the opposite direction to return the body temperature to the normal level

Osmoregulation is an example of a negative feedback, homeostatic control system

maintaining the balance between water and dissolved constituents (salts in solution) in the body

negative feedback goes on throughout the body at all times

the human body regulates body temperature through a process called thermoregulation, in which the body can maintain its temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different

organization - organization of levels (before term)

metabolism - cellular reactions

responsiveness - utilization of nervous system external or internal, respond to environment (physical - sweating an shiver) (internal - fever and heart beat)

movement - internal and external

development - change over time, body proportions, bone quality

reproduction - reproductive system and cellular reproduction