some homework readings shit

value of producing g/s for export

inputs that were imported in order to produce intermediate or final g/s to be exported

importing and exporting with the same country

producing extra units of a good becomes cheaper if you operate at a larger scale

firms that can export to the world face larger demand, and under the right conditions, they can operate at larger scales where the price per unit of product is lower

countries exported goods that were very different to what they imported

the exchange of broadly similar goods and services is becoming more common

traded goods = including goods simply being transported through a country (i.e. goods in transit); traded merchandise is excluding

cheaper to pollute “under-polluted” countries

high income-elasticity

interactive, interconnected and interdependen

a multipolar order(more than one dominating countries)

‘prosperous way down’ to a society in which less material wealth, but more social equality&freedom are valuable -> utopian

is NOT isolation or nationalism, shifting focus to national markets

goal; direction

domestic policies may effect international markets

creates corruption and dependency, leads to currency overvaluation

by investing into specific interventions like anti-malaria programmes

‘Four point speech’, “foster growth of underdeveloped areas”

not large enough to be significantly different from zero

cooperatipn with recipient governments for design and form of aid programmes

slower growth in very poor countries may attract additional aid

increase in one economic sector leads to decrease in another

avoiding destabilising forces and currency crises

sub-saharan Africa

=faster progress(able to pull ever more people over the line for every point of growth)

1.4 discount rate, ethicist approach

5.5 discount rate, positivist approach

might be efficient to invest in projects even with 0 interest, as we don't know how to transfer resources long-time; however!intervening generations

discounting doesn't take into consideration risks to life and health by climate change; however!we are discounting money, not lives

in general, discounting correctly allocates resources, but still undermines some risks(e.g genetical deformations bc of climate change); however!this isn't about discounting, even short-term projects can be harmful

how much the future must get if we decrease consumption by one unit

decreases by a constant rate n

p=nc+b c=rate of growth of economy, n=inequality parameter(the higher, the less we care about future generations), b=rate at which we discount welfare of future generations (unethical to be positive)

fungibility, UBS criticized as not respecting consumer sovereignty and market democracy

individual wants from both inner preferences and cultural/environmental surroundings

human wellbeing=range of substantive freedoms and opportunities that humans have(extent to which people are free to choose to live one type of life or another)

core ones - affiliation, bodily integrity and practical reasons; life, bodily health, senses, imagination and thought, emotions, other species, play and control over one's environment

well-being can't be reduced to unitary measure -> SDG

if basic needs aren't satisfied, it'll result in serious harm

basic needs of participation, health and autonomy must be met for people to participate in society

where links between production and consumption are structured in distinct ways – different physical and social elements + different structure and dynamics

directly delivering essential need satisfiers (pipe and cable utilities, food production, transport infrastructure)

material FE+entire welfare state(education, healthcare)

taken for granted until they fail

equity, efficiency, solidarity and sustainability

value of free and accessible public services

transaction costs(administrative, policing), large economies of scale (natural monopolies)