P - S2021 - Energy, Work & Simple Machines

kinetic energy

object that has energy because it is in motion

energy

ability to cause a change

types of kinetic energy

Radiant, thermal, motion, sound, electrical

kinetic energy formula

KE = 1/2 mv^2

radiant energy

carried by electromagnetic waves

electromagnetic waves

radio, microwave, infrared, visible (ROYGBIV), ultraviolet (UV), X-ray, gamma

thermal energy

sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of the particles that make up an object

geothermal energy

energy produced from near surface molten rock

sound energy

carried by sound waves

electric energy

form of kinetic energy that an electric current carries

seismic energy

transferred by waves moving through the ground

potential energy

stored energy that depends on the interactions of objects, particles, or atoms

types of potential energy

gravitational, elastic, chemical, nuclear

gravitational potential energy

type of potential energy stored in an object that depends on its mass and its height above Earth's surface

gravitational potential energy formula

GPE=mgh

chemical energy

stored in and released from the bonds between atoms

nuclear energy

stored in and released from the nucleus of an atom through fission (splitting atoms) by humans or fusion (uniting atoms) in the high temperature and pressure found in the Sun

mechanical energy

sum of potential energy and kinetic energy in a system of objects

transform

to change form or structure

energy transformation

conversion of energy from one form to another

law of conservation of energy

states that energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed

work

transfer of energy that occurs when a force makes an object move in the direction of the force while the force acts on the object

simple machine

does work through use of one movement that changes the direction or the amount of force required to perform a task

lever

pivots around a fixed point

inclined plane

flat, sloped surface

screw

inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder

wedge

inclined plane that moves

wheel and axle

shaft attached to a wheel so that both rotate together

gear

toothed wheel used to transfer rotary motion and torque through interlocking teeth

pulley

grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it

output force

the force exerted on an object by a machine

input force (effort force)

the force you exert on a machine

mechanical advantage

the ratio of the output force to the input force

IMA

ideal mechanical advantage

ideal mechanical advantage

the mechanical advantage of a machine in the absence of friction

AMA

actual mechanical advantage

actual mechanical advantage

the mechanical advantage that a machine provides in a real situation

complex machine

two or more simple machines working together

work equation

W = Fd, work = force x distance

Joule

unit of energy AND work

power

the rate at which work is done

Watt

standard metric unit of power; horsepower is equivalent to approximately 750 of these

power formula

P = Work / time (or P=Force*velocity)

efficiency

ratio of output work to input work

efficiency equation

(output work / input work)x100%