biology all terms

lipases convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

proteases convert proteins into amino acids

The physical characteristics of an organism with respect to one or more particular gene

Reddish brown iodine turns blue black

Stick together cells lining surfaces in the body

the heart, blood vessels and blood

Immune system is stimulated and memory cells are mades so that future exposure to a pathogen results in rapid production of large amount of the right antibody to prevent disease

Pulmonary arteries

Glucose into glycogen

antidiuretic hormones control the water content of the blood by its effect on the kidney

vasocontriction occurs, body hairs raise to trap layer of air for insulation, Metabolic rate increases, shiver to produce heat

The process by which unspecialised cells become specialised for a particular function

When a lake or a river becomes enriched with nutrients, e.g from fertiliser applied to fields, excess plant growth is followed by decay. Microorganisms use up oxygen from the water so that other organisms can no longer survive

Reproduction which involves the joining of two special haploid sex cells or gametes to produce diploid offspring which are genetically different from their parents

by cilia and mucus

constriction and relaxation of the muscles pushing food through the gut.

Control the flow of blood in the heart

heart to kidney

have thick, muscular and elastic walls to pump and accomodate blood under a high pressure.

Have thin walls and a wide lumen to carry blood to the lungs under a low pressure.

The gap where neurones meet and electrical impulses can't cross so chemical neurotransmitters are released and diffuse across the gap

the part of the eyes which controls the amount of light let in

The movement of substances against a concentration gradient and/or across a cell membrane using energy

The process by which food molecules are broken down using oxygen to release energy for the cells

A version of a particular gene

Cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen

Reproduction which involves only one parent and produces offspring which are identical to their parents

Plant hormones which are involved in controlling the phototropisms

Food group which includes the sugar and starches. They are important for providing energy for the cells

Basic unit of all living organisms

Respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cells

The rigid cell wall which surrounds plant cell

The green pigment contained in the chloroplast which captures light energy from the sun

The plant organelles which contain chlorophyll. They are the site of photosynthesis

Offspring produces by asexual reproduction which are identical to their parent organism

Two alleles which are both expressed in the phenotype of an offspring

Organisms which feed on other organisms, eg. Primary eats plants, secondary consumers eat herbivores

The water-based gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended

Microorganisms that break down water products and dead bodies

The changed shape of the active site of an enzyme caused by extreme temperatures and pH

The stage of the cardiac cycle when the heart fills with blood-relaxation period of a heart beat

The net movement of the particles of a gas or a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradient

Having 2 sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cells: one from the male parent and one from the female

The spreading of seeds away from the parent plant

A characteristic which will show up in the offspring even if only one of the alleles is inherited

The separate circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart again and from the heart to the body and back to the heart again

All of the animals and plants living in an area, along with the things what affect them, such as soil and the weather. An ecosystem includes all the interactions between the many different types of living organisms and the non-living components

The removal of undigested food from a cell or from the body in the form of faeces

The glands which produce hormones and secrete them directly into the blood

A protein molecule which acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up the rate of a specific reaction without being used up or affected

Another term for anaerobic respiration which is particularly used for microorganisms such as yeast. Glucose is partly broken down into ethanol or lactic acid with the release of a small amount of energy

The joining of of the haploid male and female gametes to form a new diploid individual

The haploid sex cell which contain only one set of chromosomes. Male gametes include sperm and pollen, female gametes include ova and ovules

Organisms which have had DNA from a different species inserted in their genome

The genetic makeup of an organism concerning the alleles of a particular gene. e.g TT, Tt, tt

An increase in the temperature at the surface of the earth due to green house gases in the atmosphere trapping infrared radiation from the surface

The carbohydrate energy store found in the liver and muscles of animals. It can be converted back into glucose when energy is needed in cells

Gases such as carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere which absorb infrared radiation from the surface of the Earth and radiate from the surface of the Earth and radiate it back to the surface, contributing to the greenhouse effect

The place where an animal or plant lives including both the living and the non-living aspects of the area

Having only one set of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell

When the two alleles for a particular gene on a pair of chromosomes are different e.e Tt

When the two alleles for a particular gene on a pair of chromosomes are the same, e.g TT tt

Chemical messages which are secreted by endocrine glands and carried around the body in the blood to the organs they affect

The part of the brain which regulates many body functions, e.g temperature, thirst, hunger and sleeping. It also controls the production of many hormones from the pituitary glands

Animals which do not have a backbone

A two-stage process of cell division which reduces the number of chromosomes from the diploid parent cell to the haploid daughter cell. It is important in the formation of gametes

A cell organelle which is the site of aerobic respiration, so they produce most of the energy needed by the cell

Asexual cell division, a single-stage process which results in identical daughter cells

The processby which evolution happens. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Only those best adapted to their environment- the fittest- will survive to breed and pass on their characteritics

The basic unit of the nervous system, they are cells which carry minute electrical impulses around the body

The continuous natural process by which nitrogen is exchanged between living organisms and the environment

The organelle in the cell which contains the genetic material

A group of different tissues working together to carry out a particular function in the body

A group of organs working together to carry out a particular function in the body

Membrane-bound structures found in the cytoplasm of a cell which carry out particular functions in the cells

The control and regulation of the levels of mineral ions and water in the cytoplasm of a cell or in the blood of an organism

The net movement of water down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration of water molecules to an area of low concentration of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane

The precess by which plants make food combining carbon dioxide and water to make glucose using light energy captured using chlorophyll

The response of a plant through growth using light shining from one side only

The extra circles of DNA containing genes found in bacteria and used by scientists in genetic enegineering

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same habitat and breeding together

A tropism (movement by growth) in which the plant moves towards a stimulus

Quadrats are usually square frames of metal that are laid on the ground to outline a sample area

A characteristic which shows up on the offspring only when both of the alleles are inherited

The chromosomes whivh determine the sex of the offspring. In humans XX is female, XY is male

The stage of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and forces the blood out around the body and to the lungs

An organism which contains DNA from another organism

The loss of water vapour from the surface of the leaves of plants. Thnis occurs through the stomata when they are opened to allow gaseous exchange needed for photosynthesis to take place

The state of a plant cell when water has moved in by osmosis so that the cytoplasm is pressing hard against the cellulose cell wall and no more wate can enter the cell

The structure that connects a fetus to the placenta. Food and oxygen travel from the mother to the developing fetus through the umbilical cord, waste products such as CO2 and urea pass in the other direction

Giving a dose of a weakened or dead pathogen (a vaccine) to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and develop immunity to a disease

The transport tissue in plants which carries water and mineral ions up from the root through the stems to the leaves

The new diploid individual formed when the haploid male and female gametes meet and fuse in sexual reproduction

MRS.GRENC

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria

Cell walls, permanent vacuole, chloroplast, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria

temperature and pH

Diffusion, osmosis, active transport

speeds up reactions without being used or changing the reaction

Proteins