Chapter Two Earth and Space

________ does not meet the last part of the definition and was considered a founding member of a new class of objects- dwarf planets.

________ is the apparent change in the frequency of sound waves or light waves due to the motion of a source relative to an observer; for example, the change in frequency (pitch) of a siren from a passing police car.

________ pulls debris together to form planets that revolve in a consistent direction around the star − Heavier, rocky planets closer to the star − Lighter, gas- rich planets farther from the star.

________ use the degree of "red shift "to determine the distance to far away galaxies more than 13 billion light- years (distance) from Earth.

________ are due to the tilt of the Earths axis and the angle of the Suns rays Tilt= 23.5 degrees.

The ________ (insolation) reaching Earths surface depends on the angle the Suns rays strike Earth More heat is delivered by insolation where the Sun is directly overhead − As sunlight is distributed over a smaller area − Total annual insolation is the least at Poles, greatest at the Equator.

________ used early telescopes to observe changes in the size and shape of Venus as it revolved around the sun.

________ are Large gas giants, much of the volume of the ________ is a thick atmosphere overlying oceans of liquid gases and is characterized by many moons and ring systems.

________- a 16th- century idea suggested by Copernicus and Confirmed by Galileos early 17th- century observations of the phases of Venus- Changes in the size and shape of Venus as observed from Earth.

________- Ancient civilizations interpreted the rising of the sun in the east and set in the west to indicate the sun (and other planets) revolved around Earth- This remained the dominant idea for more than 2, 000 years.

________ formed soon after the Big Bang.

________ is composed of lighter elements (e.g., silicon, oxygen)

Lithosphere divided into large slabs known as ________ − Plates move over Earths surface to produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain belts, and various features on the seafloor.

________ are Composed of rocks and divided into compositional layers.

________ is composed of heavier elements (e.g., iron, nickel) found in metallic meteorites.

________- sun and surrounding planets.

________ is a small rocky planet that circles the sun, one of the hundreds of billions of stars making up the milky way.

________ can be divided into three major compositional layers − Crust- composed of lighter elements (e.g., silicon, oxygen) − Mantle- composed of rocks made up of 3 key elements (oxygen, silicon, magnesium) − Core- iron, and nickel − solid inner core − partially melted outer core is the source of Earths magnetic field.

________ deflects the solar wind.

________ would end when helium is used up The loss of the heat of fusion would form a smaller white dwarf star that will cool to a black dwarf star.

________ is sufficient to produce enough gravity to hold a thick atmosphere of gases in place Atmosphere protects us from: Incoming asteroids /comets Harmful solar radiation (x- rays, UV)

________ pulled together irregular clouds of gas and dust generated from the Big Bang to form galaxies (systems of stars)

by mass, it is 70% hydrogen, 28% helium, 1.5% carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, and 0.5% all other elements

sun and surrounding planets

A planet is an object that orbits a star and is massive enough (-400 km radius) for gravity to pull its material into an approximately spherical shape

dwarf planets

Incoming asteroids/comets Harmful solar radiation (x-rays, UV)

− Higher carbon dioxide content on Venus produces temperatures of 464oC

− Water vapor and carbon dioxide (0.038%) gases absorb heat − Without the greenhouse effect, temperatures would be -18oC

− Smaller planets or slowly rotating planets have lost heat and have weak magnetic fields