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When was the Baroque Period?
1600-1750
Give examples of Baroque composers
Bach
Vivaldi
Monteverdi
Corelli
etc.
Features of Baroque Period
Harpsichord
Terraced Dynamics
String Dominated
Small orchestra
Polyphonic
Many ornaments
Basso continuo
What is polyphony?
Two or more simultaneous melodic lines
What is a concerto?
A musical composition for a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra.
How many movements does a concerto have?
3
Moderate/ Fast -> Slow -> Fast/ Really fast
What is a concerto grosso?
A musical composition for a group of solo instruments accompanied by an orchestra
What is basso continuo?
An improvised accompaniment usually played by the keyboard or bass instruments
What is figured bass?
A musical notation, that tells the player which chords to play- usually written for the harpsichord
What is ground bass?
The repetition of the bass line
Features of a baroque orchestra
Small (Chamber orchestra)- 10 to 30
String dominated
Name the instruments in the baroque orchestra
Strings- Violin, Viola, Cello, Double bass
Woodwinds- Wooden flute, Oboe, Bassoon
Brass- Trumpets or Horns (without valves)
Percussion- Timpani (Kettledrum)
Continuo- Harpsichord/ Organ
Features of a Minuet
3/4 time
Medium tempo
(only type of dance that continued in the classical period)
Features of a Waltz
3/4 time
Fast tempo
Lyrical Melody
Oom Cha Cha rhythm/ pattern
Features of a March
2/4 or 4/4
Strong accent on first beat
What is an opera?
A story acted out with singers and the orchestra accompanying it
What is a recitative?
A speech-like manner of singing
What is an aria?
A piece for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment
What is an oratorio?
A sacred choral work- no drama/ costume/ scenery
When was the Classical period?
1750-1820
Give examples of classical composers
Mozart
Haydn
Beethoven
etc.
Features of classical period
Balanced phrases/ melodies
Simple harmonies/ diatonic
Clarinet- new instrument
Alberti bass
Homophonic
Bigger orchestra than the baroque
More variety in dynamics
More frequent changes in mood
What is homophony?
Melody and accompaniment
What is a symphony?
An extended orchestral piece
How many movements does a symphony have?
4
Fast (sonata form) -> Slow -> Minuet -> Very fast
What is binary form, and which style has this form?
AABB
Most dances and concertos are in binary form
What is ternary form, and which style has this form?
ABA
Most symphonies are in ternary form
What is rondo form, and which style has this form?
ABACA, ABACABA
Most chamber music are in rondo form
What is chamber music?
Music for small ensembles
What is a sonata?
A composition for a soloist with the first movement being in sonata form
What is sonata form?
A musical structure which includes 3 sections: Exposition, Development, Recapitulation
Explain the Exposition
1st subject- Tonic key, Theme 1
Bridge- Modulation
2nd subject- Dominant or relative minor, Theme 2
(Expositions are usually repeated)
Explain the Development
A short section which is based on one of the subjects in the exposition
Explain the Recapitulation
1st subject- Tonic key, Theme 1
Bridge- No modulation
2nd subject- Tonic key, Theme 2
Features of a classical orchestra
Larger than baroque (50-60)
Larger woodwind
Larger brass
New instrument- Clarinet
Name the instruments in the classical orchestra
Strings- Violin (20), Viola(8), Cello(6), Double bass(4)
Woodwinds- Flute (2), Clarinet (2), Oboe (2), Bassoon (2)
Brass- Trumpet (2), French horn (2)
Percussion- Timpani (2), Piano
Give examples of Romantic Composers
Chopin
Tchaikovsky
Brahms
Puccini
Listz
Mendelssohn
(Beethoven)
When was the Romantic Period?
1820-1900
Features of Romantic Period
Large orchestra
Freedom of tempo/ rubato
Dramatic dynamics (contrast)
Virtuosic
Melodic pieces
Thick chords
Chromaticism (moving to unrelated keys)
Features of a romantic orchestra
Large orchestra (100+)
Larger brass and percussion section
Greater use of piano
What texture should you usually expect in World Music
Heterophonic
What is heterophony?
The simultaneous variation of a single melody line
Name the Indian instruments
Sitar
Bansuri
Sarangi
Tabla
Describe the Sitar (type, timbre, material...)
Type: Stringed instrument- 7 strings, Melody
Method: Plucked with metal plectrum
Material: Made out of Wood and metal for strings
Timbre: Metallic
Other info: Can pitch bend and gliss, Movable frets
Describe the Bansuri (type, timbre, material...)
Type: Woodwind instrument, Melody
Method: Blowed
Material: Wood
Timbre: Breathy
Describe the Sarangi (type, timbre, material...)
Type: Stringed instrument, Melody
Method: Bowed
Material: Wood and Steel
Timbre: Smooth
Other info: Can gliss
Describe the Tabla (type, timbre, material...)
Type: Percussion, Rhythm
Method: Hitting
Material: Wood, Clay or Metal
Timbre: Resonant
What is a drone?
Sustained pitch or long held notes which provides harmonic support
Which instrument plays the tala?
Tabla
Features of Indian melody
Improvisation
Many ornaments
Raga (scale)
Tala (rhythm)
Free time
Pitch bend
Small number of instruments
Name the Chinese instruments
Ch'in
Dizi
Erh-hu
Describe the Ch'in (type, timbre, material...)
Type: Stringed instrument- 7 string
Method: Plucked using a pick
Material: Wood
Timbre: Resonant
Other info: Quiet
Describe the Dizi (type, timbre, material...)
Type: Woodwind instrument
Method: Blowed horizontally
Material: Bamboo
Timbre: Bright
Other info: Has a reed
Describe the Erh-hu (type, timbre, material...)
Type: Stringed instrument
Method: Bowed, held vertically
Material: Wood, Horsehair (bow)
Timbre: Resonant, Mellow
Other info: Used for solo or ensemble
Features of Chinese music
Uses the Pentatonic scale
No dissonance
No chordal harmony
Often improvised
Heterophonic and Monophonic
What is the Pentatonic scale
A five note scale- uses the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th & 6th of the major scale
What is Monophony?
Single line of music
Name the Japanese instruments
Koto
Shakuhachi
Sho
Describe the Koto (type, timbre, material...)
Type: Stringed instrument- 13 strings, accompaniment
Method: Plucked with plectrums
Material: Wood
Timbre: Twangy, Focused
Other info: Used in gagaku as an accompaniment
Describe the Shakuhachi (type, timbre, material...)
Type: Woodwind instrument
Method: Blowed vertically
Material: Bamboo
Timbre: Breathy
Other info: Not used in gagaku but was later used in ensembles
Describe the Sho (type, timbre, material...)
Type: Woodwind instrument
Method: Blowed
Material: Bamboo
Timbre: Piercing
Other info: Used in gagaku
Features of Japanese music
No chordal harmony
Through-composed (succession of new ideas which don't depend on repeated phrases)
Melodic parts start at different times
Give 2 types of Caribbean music
Reggae and Calypso
Where is Reggae from?
Jamaica
Give examples of Reggae artists
Bob Marley
Peter Tosh
Burning Spear
Dennis Brown
Features of Reggae music
Voice- injustice and Rastafarianism
Syncopation
Repetition
Emphasis on off beat
4/4
Moderato
Polyrhythms
Riff- syncopated
Melody and Accompaniment
No dynamic change
Name the instruments used in Reggae
Voice (+ backing)
Keyboard
Electric guitar
Bass
Drums
Trumpet
Trombone
French horn
Saxophone
Congas
Bongos
Tambourines
etc.
Where is Calypso from?
Trinidad and Tobago
Name the instruments used in Calypso
Voice (+ backing)
Steel pans
Piano/ Synthesisers
Clarinet
Saxophone
Electric and Acoustic guitar
Maracas
Drums
Features of Calypso music
Syncopation
Polyrhythms
Major
Verse-chorus form (AABC)
When was the 20th Century?
1900-2000
Give examples of the types of music in the 20th Century
Impressionism
Serialism
Neo-classicism
Minimalism
Jazz
Give examples of Impressionism composers
Debussy
Ravel
Satie
Features of Impressionism
Use of Whole tone scales and Pentatonic scales
Unresolved cadences
Extended chords
Give an example of a Neo-classicism composer
Stravinsky
Features of Neo-classicism
Wind dominated
Sudden melodic twists
Abrupt modulation
Dissonances
Give examples of Minimalist composers
Steve Reich
John Cage
Features of Minimalism
Contrapuntal
Broken Chords
Note Addition
Give an example of a Jazz composer
Gershwin
Features of Jazz
(Collective) Improvisation
Syncopation
Blue notes
Brass mute
Swing rhythm
Walking bass
What is Swing?
Uneven quaver movements
What is syncopation?
When beats are emphasised on off-beats
What are Blue notes?
Flattened 3rd, 5th and 7th
Name the instruments used in Jazz
Common- Trumpet, Trombone, Clarinet, Piano, Double bass, Saxophones, Drums
May hear- Banjo, Electric guitar, Bass guitar, Synthesiser, Tuba
Where is Gamelan from?
Indonesia (Java/ Bali)
Name the Gamelan Instrument
Kemple
Big gong
Small gong
Saron
Kendang
Kenong
Bonang
What role does the Saron have?
Plays the main melody
What role does the big gong have?
Plays at the end of a cycle
Features of Gamelan
Heterophonic
Use of Pelog (7 note scale) or Slendro (5 note scale)
The tempo is not constant
Where is Tango from?
Argentina
Name the instruments in Tango
Bandoneon (accordion)
Voice
Guitars
Violin
Flute
Clarinet
Piano
Viola
Cello
Double bass
Features of Tango
2/4 or 4/4
Uses the Habanera rhythm
Drama and intensity in dynamics and articulation
Contrast using legatos and staccatos
Usually minor (but has a major section in between)
Glissando and portamentos
Where is Son from?
Cuba
Name the instruments used in Cuban Son
Tres/ Guitar
Bongos
Maracas
Guiro
Claves
Congas
Double bass
Voice
Piano
Trumpet
Features of Cuban Son
Clave rhythms
Bongo rhythm
Syncopated brass pattern
Call and response singing
Syncopation
Where does Andean music come from?
Bolivia, Peru
Instruments used in andean music
Charango- Bolivia
Pan pipes- Peru
Guitar
Percussion
Describe the Charango (type, timbre, material...)
Type: String instrument
Method: Plucked
Material: Wood
Timbre: Tight, refined
Describe the Pan Pipes (type, timbre, material...)
Type: Woodwind instrument
Method: Blowed
Material: Bamboo
Timbre: Breathy
Features of andean music
Syncopation
Lively
Fast
Repetition
Note
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