Chapters Seven and Eight Test

shift in industrial revolution

working from home to factories, and handmade to machine made

two classes (start of industrial revolution)

rich and poor

rich class called

old regime

why did the rich stay rich and poor stayed poor

old regime passed any taxes down to the poor so their was no chance of social class change

what was the currency?

land (passed down through generations

example of aristocratic privilege

hunting - only rich could hunt because they were the ones who owned the land even though the poor needed the food and money more.

what did the nobels do

military and gov. (poor had no power or say)

peter tried to fix social classes:

table of ranks

Table of Ranks

created by Peter, it creates opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and join the nobility ... nobility based on how much you serve and help the country (FAILED)

Lowerclass

worked on farms, laborors

effects of the french revolution

Middle class (bourgeoisie) rose in power and started to establish

what percent of people were lower class (before french revolution)

90%

agriculture revolution

Changes in farming methods Changes in farming ideas New technology

crop rotation

instead of using a field once a year for one thing, use it all four seasons for diff. crops

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating a bunch of little pieces of land into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

seed drill

machine that sowed seeds in rows and covered up the seeds in rows

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

more food equals??

more people

what were farmers able to do when they had more food

gain profit and be able to sell food

Enclosement Movement

machines meant less jobs, lead people into cities

products being produced in factories

textiles

skilled labor

needed prior knollage/schooling

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

easier trade, water power, stable climate, greater pop (more jobs), had coal, more markets

reasons why it was bad to live in England:

really bad sanitation, huge population, air pollution.

why did the english make gin? and who made it?

because it was against France, and anyone can make alcohol

middle class:

biggest class, did not like upper or lower class, worked very hard (economic growth), no say in gov or voting

where did the middle class live?

outskirts of cities, expanding them

what was the middle class called?

bourgeoisie

urban/bread riots:

food prices increased and their wasnt a lot of it (famine) over 300 riots erupted over france but it did not work.

jewish and other minorities

seperated from the city, lived in ghettos that you can still see today, specifically in Paris

transatlantic economy

the trade, slaves, and/or money that is transported between

first phase of early exploration and conquest,

central american conquest, columbus and de gamas, wealth for habsbergs increased a LOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

colombus

italian exploror that was sponsierd by spain in order to find better trade routs to india, ended up stumbiling apon the americas.

vasco de gamas

pourtugese explorer, first erpson to find india by sea, made new trade routs to india.

what contries were involved in first phase?

england (not a lot), spain and portugal.

second stage of exploration and conquest

extended to north america, more colonization, more slavery (for economic gain), and larger navys

house of loards

higher house, only group of 400

house of commons

less high of a house, but has more influence because its easier to assess

what contries were involved in second stage of exploration and conquest?

netherlands england and france (along with portugal and spain)

similarities between two exploration and conquest stages

Continued warfare against Indigeonus people Colonies are being set up for economic gain Looking for gold is a factor

mercantilism

fixed amount of wealth (presious metals) so contries needed as much as possible. no fixed national currency

adam smith

associate with mercantilsm

colonies

peices of land owned by european nations that gave money and resources to them.

second treaty of paris

gives americans independance

triangle trade

from england to africa weapons were transported, from africa to america slaves were captured and transported (fourcfully), and then from america back to europe natural resources and money was transported

social hierarchy

Rich, white, born in europe, men were at the top of people, called peninsulares, (People born on iberian peninsula (spain and portugal)) White people, born in western hemisphere, (called creoles) Below them are people of mixed race Below everyone was slaves

first and second passage

first was slaves coming from africa, and then second was from western hemesphere with sugar, tabacco, etc.

cotton gin

the machine that removed cotton seeds from cotton, made it so there could be more feilds.

war of Austrian succession

france+prussa and GB+ austria. started becuase marie thriesa was new and 'weak' and france and prussia wanted habsbergs to take over. ended that prussia kept seleria and marie keeps thrown.

war of jenkins ear

spainish were checking ships, there was a fight and jenkins ear got cut off, spain and english foght.

pragmatic sanction

agreement that habsbergs would keep rulling and not challenge the thrown (did not work)

seven years war

alliences switch, austria+france, prussia+GB. started bc there was a lot of tension between contries. was a world war.

treaty of westminster

prussia and great britain because they were afraid of france attacking hanover

diplomatic revolution

allieships change GB+P and F+P

treaty of paris

ended seven years war, france gave up all teritorys in north america

ohio

Pitt wanted to extend british influence from ohio river to mississippi river A lot of the british military is supporting prussians financialy bit the troops are fighting in north america nad some others in asia