Independent Variable
The variable that is changed by the scientist
Dependent Variable
The variable that is changed during the experiment
Constants
Things that always stay the same in an experiment
Covalent Bonds
Bonds formed when an atom "shares" an electron with another atom
Ionic Bonds
Bonds formed when an atom takes an electron from another atom
Polar Molecule
A molecule which has some negatively charged parts and some positively charged parts
Polar
Is water polar or non-polar?
Carbohydrates
The carbon-based molecule that provides an immediate energy source
Proteins
The carbon-based molecule that builds tissue and takes care of things like the immune system and blood transportation
R Group
Where do amino acids differ?
Lipids
The carbon-based molecule that provides energy once carbohydrates run out
Nitrogen Base
Where do nucleic acids differ?
Nucleic Acid
The carbon-based molecule that stores genetic info and builds proteins
Dehydration Synthesis
The process in which monomers are combined, involving a water molecule leaving the substance
Hydrolysis
The process in which polymers are separated, involving a water molecule entering the substance
Enzyme
Things inside living organisms that speed up chemical reactions
Active Site
The place at which an enzyme and substrate meet
Substrate
The reactant broken down by enzymes
Products
The things made by a chemical reaction
Reactants
The things that go into a chemical reaction
Denaturing
The process in which enzymes lose their shape, usually by changes in temperature and pH
Phospholipid Double Layer
The main structure forming the cell membrane
Passive Transport
Allows molecules to move across the cell membrane without using energy
Diffusion
Movement of materials from areas of high to low concentration
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules
Facilitated Diffusion
Larger molecules use this to diffuse through openings in the cell membrane formed by transfer proteins
Active Transport
Transporting a substance from an area of low to high concentration using energy
Fatty Acids & Glycerol
Building blocks of lipids
Nucleotides
Building blocks of nucleic acids, monomers for DNA or RNA
Concentration Gradient
Describes the concentration of molecules between areas
ATP
The type of energy used during active transport
Endocytosis
Moving large molecules into a cell by engulfing them into a membrane
Exocytosis
Moving large molecules out of a cell
Hypertonic
Solution has a higher concentration of dissolved solids, water moves out of the cell
Hypotonic
Solution has a lower concentration of dissolved solids, so water moves into the cell
Isotonic
Same concentration of dissolved materials in & out of the cell
Proteins
Transport proteins in the cell membrane are made of this
Nucleus
The organelle storing genetic information, or DNA
Mitochondria
The organelle that supplies energy to the cell
Golgi Apparatus
The organelle that packages, sorts, and delivers proteins
Chloroplast
The organelle that carries out photosynthesis
Vesicles
Membrane-bound sacs that transport materials around the cell
Lysosome
The organelle that contains enzymes that defend the cell and break down damaged parts of the cell
Vacuole
Fluid-filled sacs that store water and food molecules
Plants
Do plants or animals have larger vacuoles?
Animals
Do plants or animals have lysosomes?
Prokaryotic Cell
A cell only in single-celled organisms, with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic Cell
A cell found in single- & multi-celled organisms, with membrane-bound organelles
ATP
An energy carrying molecule containing an adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphates
Bonds between phosphates
ATP energy is stored in…
All Eukaryotes
What organisms use cellular respiration?
Light-Dependent Reaction
chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight, an electron gets excited and travels down electron transport chain, water molecules are broken, and hydrogen ions are energized as they move into the thylakoid membrane
NADPH, Oxygen, & ATP
Products of Light-Dependent Reactions
Chlorophyll
Light-absorbing pigments in the chloroplast
3 CO2 Molecules
The Calvin Cycle reactants
Glucose
The product of the Calvin Cycle
Stroma
The place the Calvin Cycle takes place in
Glycolysis
Glucose is split forming pyruvates
Krebs Cycle
The cellular respiration process making energy in the form of 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH2
ETC in Cellular Respiration
Oxygen enters and picks up electrons and hydrogen to make water and a total of 36 ATP molecules (38 including the two ATP from glycolysis)
2
The number of ATP made in Glycolysis
34
The number of ATP made in the ETC
2
The number of ATP made in the Krebs Cycle
Chemosynthesis
Used by deep-sea autotrophs instead of photosynthesis, using chemicals from hydrothermal vents
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
Fermentation
The process allowing glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is not available
Lactic Acid
The product of fermentation in animals
NAD+
Fermentation converts NADH to this to continue glycolysis
G1, S, G2, M
Stages of the cell cycle
G1
The stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows and duplicates organelles
S
The stage of the cell cycle where the cell synthesizes DNA
G2
The stage of the cell cycle where the cell continues to grow, and is a critical checkpoint for the DNA
M
The stage of the cell cycle where the nucleus divides, creating two identical cells
Prokaryotic
Do prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells divide faster?
G0
Cells that do not go through mitosis
High
Is a low or high surface area-to-volume ratio better?
Makes transporting molecules more efficient
A high surface area-to-volume ratio does this
Chromosomes
Long continuous threads of DNA
46
How many chromosomes do humans have?
Histones
Proteins DNA wraps around
Chromatids
Tightly coiled chromosomes, shaped like half an X
Sister chromatids
Identical chromatids forming an X
Telomeres
"Caps" formed at the ends of chromatids to keep them together
Centromere
Holds together sister chromatids
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
Order of mitosis
Prophase
The stage of mitosis in which DNA condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and centrioles move to poles and form spindle fibers
Metaphase
The stage of mitosis in which spindle fibers attach to each chromosome, which each line up along the cell equator (middle)
Anaphase
The stage of mitosis in which chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell
Telophase
The stage of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane starts to form, chromosomes uncoil, and spindle fibers fall apart
Cytokinesis
The stage of mitosis in which animal and plant cells divide
Internal & external factors
What regulates cell division?
Physical & chemical factors
External factors that regulate cell division
Growth Factors
Chemical signals sent out by cells that tell surrounding cells to divide
Internal factors
External factors trigger _________ that affect cell cycle
Kinases & Cyclins
The two most important internal factors
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell division
Tumor
Clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably
Benign Tumor
Non-cancerous tumors that remain clustered together and do not spread throughout the body