Porous materials continued/macroporous

what are the self-assembly pathways of Mesostructured Phases

Mesostructured Phases, Mediated electrostatic pathway, Hydrogen bonding

what are the Interactions between the surfactant and inorganic framework

what does the thermal stability of mesostructured metal-oxide phases depend on

the degree of charge-matching at the organic-inorganic interface, the strength of interactions between inorganic species and surfactant head-groups, the flexibility of the M-O-M bond angles in the constituent metal oxides, the Tammann temperature of the metal oxide, and the occurrence of redox reactions in the metal-oxide wall.

what does charge matching depends on.

electrokinetic behavior

Why might harsh conditions be needed for surfactant removal, and why is the potentially bad.

The presence of strong covalent bonds between metal-oxide species and surfactant head-groups (metal-N) means that harsh conditions (combustion) are needed to remove the surfactant, which can lead to the collapse of the mesostructure

For inorganic-organic interactions, what type of interaction is preferred.

Hydrogen Bonding preferred over electrostatic interactions

What may result in the formation of only lamellar or dense metal-oxide phases.

Rigid M-O-M bond angles that are unable to accommodate the curvature of the inorganic-organic interface

how is Tamman temperature defined

0.5-0.52Tm

Tm is the melting point in Kelvin

what happens at the Tamman temperature

The mobility of metal ions or atoms in a crystalline metal oxide increases rapidly

how may redox reactions cause the structural collapse of the mesophases

with redox reactions occurring in the metal-oxide wall during surfactant removal or catalytic reaction

What reaction does VPO catalyize

Industrial n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride

what is the definition of a macroporous material

pores above 50 nm

draw how are macroporous materials made.

what are the different types of macroporous wall structures

amorphous, functionalized, zeolite, crystalline, mesoporous, and active catalytic species.

draw the sol-gel approach for 3D macroporous oxides

How are macroporous polymers made

spherical silica particles -> Colloidal crystal of silica particles after pressing and heating -> divinylbenzene -> Ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate

draw how are macroporous polymers made

what is the salt precipitation method.

a colloidal crystal is soaked in a metal salt solution, which remains in the void space after filtration. This composite is soaked in an oxalic acid solution to convert the salt into a more thermally stable oxalate. Carbon is removed by calcination, leaving a 3DOM framework

what are some other methods to make macroporous materials

chemical vapor deposition, nanocrystal deposition, oxide reduction method, electrodeposition, spraying techniques

What are the reasons for choosing monodispersed colloidal spheres as templates

Theoretical treatments of heterogeneous systems frequently utilize the spherical symmetry

Most theoretical models that deal with the properties of colloidal particles and the interactions between them are usually based on the spherical shape

The sphere represents the simplest form that a colloidal particle can easily adopt during the nucleation or growth process, as driven by minimization of interfacial energy.

For macroporous synthesis, homogeneous monodispersed spheres are ideal templates to prepare interconnected pore structures.

What does the Stover process involve

the hydrolysis and polycondensation of TEOS under alkaline conditions in ethanol.

What happens when aqueous sodium silicate solution is added to ethanol (in the Stober process)

Particle formation takes place instantaneously

What is responsible for the rapid nucleation and growth of the spherical silica particles in the Stober Process

The silica concentration over silica solubility ratio (supersaturation)

draw an overview of the Stober silica micron spheres

What are the ingredients for an emulsion polymerization to produce monodispersed spheres

a water-soluble initiator, an emulsifier, and a monomer that is only slightly soluble in water.

What are the phases in the emulsion system

aqueous phase monomer droplets micelles

What are the events of the monomer molecule

The monomer is added to the water, and most of it goes into droplets of monomer because of the low water solubility. The monomer eventually leaves the droplet and goes into the media. The monomer diffuses into the micelle. The monomer becomes part of the polymer.

draw an experimental procedure to assemble colloidal particles

what are the potential applications for ordered macroporous films and membranes

heterogeneous catalysis, bioseparations, as well as membrane supports for the separation of diverse molecules.

what makes macroporous structures highly attractive for a variety of separation and catalytic applications involving large molecules.

high surface area (up to few hundreds m2 /g) and unimodal large pores

what are the steps for the macro-scale templating approach

The interstitial voids of the monodisperse sphere arrays are filled with precursors of various classes of materials, such as ceramics, semiconductors, metals, monomers, etc.

In the second step, the precursors condense and form a solid framework around the spheres

Finally, the spheres are removed by either calcination or solvent extraction.

what mainly determines the success of forming macroporous ordered structures

van der Waals interactions, Wetting of the template surface, filling of the voids between the spheres, volume shrinkage of the precursors during the solidification process.

how is the wall thickness of macroporous structures controlled

the hydrolysis/condensation rates of the inorganic precursors, the packing of the PS spheres, forming core-shell structures at the sphere surface (i.e. deposition of polyelectrolyte multilayers at the sphere surface)

Si-W clusters on Macroporous SiO2 were used to do what

Epoxidation of cyclooctene to epoxide

how were the Si-W clusters dispersed throughout the walls of the 3DOM material

they were intact and nearly molecularly dispersed

How were the catalytic activities of supported and unsupported cobalt-substituted POM clusters tested

by studying the conversion of cyclohexene-to-cyclohexene oxide in the presence of isobutyraldehyde