Studied by 87 peoplehow many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
what is the sacrum composed of?
5 fused sacral vertebrae
what is the coccyx composed of?
3-5 fused vertebrae
what is the exaggerated curve in the thoracic region called?
kyphosis
what convexity does the kyphosis curve have?
backward
what is the curve in the lower lumbar region called?
lordosis
what convexity does the lordosis curve have?
forward
True or False: A lateral deviation of the spine is called scoliosis.
true
Fill in the blank: From the 1st cervical to 5th lumbar the vertebrae ___ in size. From the 1st sacral to the coccygeal region the vertebrae _____ in size.
increase; decrease
Multiple choice: What is the classification of the articulation between the vertebral bodies?
-diarthrodial
-ginglymus
-trochoid
-modified ball and socket
modified ball and socket
what are the two components of intervertebral disks?
annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
how much water composes the intervertebral disks contain?
80-90%
true or false: intervertebral disks are made of hyaline cartilage.
false, fibrocartilage
fill in the blank: intervertebral disks made of fibrocartilage adhere to the _____ found above and below it.
hyaline cartilage
what are the 4 roles of intervertebral disks?
pivoting, compression, torsion, and shock absorption
what is the classification of the articulations found between the vertebral arches?
diarthrodial (gliding)
true or false: being diarthrodial, the vertebral arch articulations have articular cavities with a joint capsule.
true
how much of a slant is found in the cervical vertebrae?
45 degrees
what are the movements found in the cervical spine?
flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, rotation
how much of a slant is found in the thoracic vertebrae?
90 degrees
what are the movements found in the thoracic spine?
flexion, extension, limited hyperextension, limited lateral flexion, rotation
what are the movements found in the lumbar region?
flexion, extension, hyperextension, limited rotation, lateral flexion
fill in the blank: upper facets of vertebrae are ____ and the lower facets are _____.
concave; convex
why is this concavity and convexity found in the vertebrae?
locks against rotation
what is the classification of the atlanto-occipital articulation?
ovoid (condyloid)
what are the movements of the atlanto-occipital articulation?
flexion, extension, slight lateral flexion; combine for circumduction
what is the classification of the atlanto-axial articulation?
trochoid
what is the sole function of the atlanto-axial articulation?
rotation
which ligament allows the atlanto-axial articulation to remain purely rotational and is usually only torn from car wrecks?
transverse ligament
True or False: the 1st through 10th ribs articulate with two adjacent vertebrae.
false, 2-9
what is the classification of the articulation between the ribs and vertebrae?
diarthrodial
which sternocostal articulations are between the costal articulations and the sternum?
sternocostal joints
which sternocostal articulations are the joints between each rib and its cartilage?
costochondral joints
which sternocostal articulations are the joints between one costal cartilage and another?
interchondral joints
which sternocostal articulations are between the manubrium and body of the sternum, the other between the body and the xiphoid process?
intersternal joints
what is the result of elevation and eversion of the lateral portion of the ribs? (thorax)
increase in the transverse diameter
what is the result of elevation of the anterior ends of the obliquely placed ribs and the body of the sternum? (thorax)
increase in the anteroposterior diameter
what is the result brought about primarily by the depression of the central tendon of the diaphragm? (thorax)
increase in the vertical diameter
what is the ocean of gas that exerts pressure on all objects within it?
atmosphere
what occurs when the intra-alveolar pressure becomes slightly negative?
inspiration
true or false: the lungs have a continual elastic tendency to collapse.
true
what two components contribute the lungs’ continual elastic tendency to collapse?
elastic fibers and alveolar surface tension
2/3 of inward pressure is due to what?
surface tension of alveoli
what is the remaining 1/3 of inward pressure caused by?
elastic properties of lungs
if you were to rotate your upper body to the left side, what type of rotation would you call it?
left rotation
if you were to bend your body to the right side, what type of lateral flexion would you call it?
right lateral flexion
Note
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