9-H Biology Midterm Study Notes

Different classifications of living organisms based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships

Diagram showing the evolutionary relationships between organisms based on shared characteristics

Diagram illustrating the evolutionary history and relationships between organisms

An organism from which two or more different species have evolved

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Properties that define life, such as growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli

Non-living infectious agents that replicate inside host cells

English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection

The process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

A spontaneous change in an organism's DNA sequence

Environmental factors that influence the survival and reproduction of individuals

A measure of an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

The individuals with the most favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass on their genes

A trait that increases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction

Natural selection that favors extreme phenotypes over intermediate ones

Natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype over the other

Natural selection that favors intermediate phenotypes over extreme ones

A random change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

A sudden reduction in population size that leads to a loss of genetic diversity

Genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population

The movement of genes from one population to another

The formation of new species from existing ones

Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms

Structures that are similar in different species due to common ancestry

Structures that are similar in function but not in structure, due to convergent evolution

Structures that have no apparent function in an organism but are remnants of ancestral structures

Comparing the development of embryos to understand evolutionary relationships

The study of biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins, to understand evolutionary relationships

The smallest unit of matter

Particles that make up atoms, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons

A tabular arrangement of elements based on their atomic number

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

Charged atoms or molecules

The process of atoms or molecules sticking together

Two or more atoms bonded together

The unequal distribution of charge in a molecule

Weak bonds between hydrogen and electronegative atoms

A chain of carbon atoms in organic molecules

Large molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, that are essential for life

Small subunits that make up macromolecules

Macromolecules made up of repeating monomers

The process of joining monomers by removing water

The process of breaking down polymers by adding water

Macromolecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, used for energy storage and structural support

Macromolecules that are insoluble in water and play roles in energy storage and cell membrane structure

Macromolecules made up of amino acids, involved in various cellular functions

Macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions

Eukaryotic cells that have a cell wall and chloroplasts

Eukaryotic cells that lack a cell wall and chloroplasts

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism

Mechanisms that maintain homeostasis through self-regulation

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of cells

The process of converting glucose into ATP to release energy

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen to produce ATP

Cellular respiration that occurs without the presence of oxygen

Groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions in an organism

Exercise increases oxygen and nutrient delivery to cells and improves the overall function of body systems

A phospholipid bilayer that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Allowing certain substances to pass through while blocking others

The difference in concentration of a substance across a space

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Describing a solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution

Describing a solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution

Describing a solution with an equal solute concentration compared to another solution

A state of balance where there is no net movement of molecules

The movement of substances across a cell membrane with the use of energy

Identifying factors that can affect the outcome of an experiment

The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment

Variables that should remain the same throughout an experiment

A statistical measure of the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

Lack of cellular structure and inability to reproduce without a host cell

Ability to evolve, contain genetic material, and exhibit some life-like characteristics

The ability of bacteria to survive and reproduce in the presence of antibiotics

The antibiotic that shows the largest zone of inhibition in a bacterial culture

The antibiotic that shows the smallest zone of inhibition in a bacterial culture

Measured by an organism's ability to produce fertile offspring

Random changes in allele frequencies that can lead to the fixation of beneficial traits in a population

Mutation, which introduces new alleles into a population

Results from natural selection favoring individuals with traits that increase their fitness

Mice with thicker fur are more likely to survive a cold winter, leading to an increase in the frequency of the thick fur trait

DNA holds the instructions responsible for the sequence of amino acids in proteins

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Tends not to form chemical bonds with other atoms

Double bonds; a water molecule has single bonds

Due to the unequal distribution of charge between oxygen and hydrogen atoms

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

The R group is the only part that changes among the 20 types

Lipids

Two monomers are linked together while water molecules are removed

Polymers are broken down into monomers by adding water molecules

Carbohydrates and lipids serve as energy storage molecules in cells

A membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs a specific function

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles