IB Sports, Exercise, and Health Science (SL) / Exercise physiology / TOPIC 2: EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY- 2.2 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM/ IB SEHS

a specialised type of connective tissue

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasmar

contain hemoglobin and transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products and hormones to cells and organs

combat infection and inflammation, ingest foreign microbes

tiny pieces of cell with no nucleus, involved in clotting to help repair blood vessels by using a meshwork of fibers

bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve, vena cava, pulmonary veins, aorta, pulmonary artery, coronary arteries

involuntary muscles with striated muscle fibers

left and right receiving blood from the body, have thin walls because they only have to pump to the ventricles

thick as they propel blood from the heart to body

prevent backflow by shutting when the heart relaxes

pacemaker

the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and adrenaline

wider metabolic actions

travels across the atria to the atrioventricular node to the ventricles

carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart

carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

number of time the heart beats per minute

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat

the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute

when HR is reduced to a minimum

stroke volume x heart rate

the amount of blood returned to the right side of the heart, the less blood returned heart rate is increased.

lower in males than females

lower in females than males

higher in females

the increase in heart rate with no change in workload, stroke volume decreases but cardiac output remains the same, cause by increased body temp, cool down by sweating, plasma volume decreases, decrease venous return and stroke volume

the force exerted by blood on the arterial walls during contraction

the force exerted by blood on ardterial walls during relaxation

systolic and diastolic pressure is lower

systolic pressure is higher, diastolic pressure does not raise as much as systolic

systolic and diastolic pressure increase as the exercise duration increase

systolic pressure increases then is steady as the exercise duration increases and diastolic pressure stays the same throughout

the more the heart fills during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole

move towards the muscles

move to organs

resting heart rate decreases, stroke volume/left ventricular volume increases, increased capillarization, arterio-venous oxygen difference increases

those who have a higher fitness level have higher VO2 max values and can exercise more intensely than those who are not as well conditioned

the maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumer

compared to arm ergometry