AP Psych Learning

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

in classical conditioning, an un-learned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth).

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response (UR).

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR). (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 268)

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

learning by observing others. (Also called social learning.)

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 299)

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 276)

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 276)

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement).

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows.

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

a type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation

researched classical conditioning; found subjects learn the predictability of an event through trials (cognitive element)

an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

the removal of or avoiding an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior

commonly occurring/desirable behavior can reinforce a less frequent/undesirable behavior

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

Chimps problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization/realization of perception - completely cognitive