History 261 Midterm pt 1

April 16, 1865

1865-1877; the attempt to rebuild and reform the political, social, and economic systems of the South after the Civil War.

1865-1872, created to aid newly freed slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support -citizenship, voting, reunite families -not completely successful; largest success was in education and establishment of colleges

Lincoln's vp, southern slave owner, believed in equality for WHITE MEN (grew up poor white, anti-plantation owner) -used for souther rep, anti-slavery

1. states uphold 13th amendment (no slavery)

2. deny succession

3. US do not pay confederacy debt

requirements NOT demanding, no advocacy for Black voting rights

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states -combo of vagrancy laws (no home/job) need job to pay fine => hard labor for whites -young ppl need education => take young black and "educate" thru forced labor

reallocated land to south ppl (blacks) BUT Johnson reverses act, military doesn't defend blacks and gives land to white owners

civil rights acts: pass 14th amendment -guarantees citizenship thru birth right (allows congress to cut # of reps if violate) -if guilty of insurrection => cannot hold office

remember the bloodshed of war, rallying cry to make fundamental change post war thru 14th amend -Johnson anti 14th

1867 law, established 5 temporary military zones in Confederate states -required that the states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment -permit black to vote -army thru confederacy null and void

much higher threshold than Johnson's reconstruct, not completely successful

president cannot remove exec officer appointed by past president without consent of Senate

in favor of Reconstruction => Johnson wants to replace him w Ulysses S Grant, violates Tenure of Office Act => impeachment

Johnson makes deal to stop interfering w Repub senate so not removed from office -divides repub part on how radical they should be

poor south whites who are republicans

white supremacists

union solider, business owners in south, northerns relocated to south= voting in REPUB -want more economic opportunities, industrialization

federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system -public education/schools, electoral reforms

popular Union General, young president against Seamore (dem opposed to reconstruction) -wins 1868 = pushes 15th amendment: universal male suffrage => South attempts to undermine reconstruct, mistrust gov/less compliance

extreme acts of terrorism/violence, target ppl of color, white voting repub (north and south) -associated with confederate flag, anti reconstruct -decentralized, hyper local/regionalized (bc easier to avoid mass arrest) -prioritized amininity => masks -explicitly aligned w DEMOCRATS

congress slow to act => KKK targets black politicians, wave of murders march 1871 -31 black ppl murdered during white riot at court hearing

-federal military action w KKK areas -they stopped terrorizing blacks and denying them the right to vote

liberal repubs for equality rights

1869: universal sufferance will lead to collapse of government -nativist against irish, asian, blacks

poor working class

1872, fraudulent construction company, took profits of the Union Pacific Railroad -used government funds, redistributed to stock holders -bribed congress to avoid investigation

Grant administration, a group of officials importing whiskey -used offices to avoid paying the taxes on it -cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars

Whiskey Ring and Credit Mobilier

depression 1873, investment of railroad company that went bankrupt => economic crisis -25% unemployment, businesses bankrupt, railroads default to loans -poor part of society hit the hardest

farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops -cant borrow money from bank => loan from land owner r -1880 3/4 of black and 1/4 of white in sharecropping

cant discriminate based on race => literacy/poll tax -amendments only applied to STATES so individuals are allowed to attack (aka KKK)

as long as not explicitly racial = limited gov interference -gives free reign to KKK/racial supremacists

Tilden (dem): gets popular vote, not electoral college because of high perception of corruption w repubs -Hayes becomes president BUT ends military occupation in South => formally ENDS Reconstruction in south (not west), betrays repubs

mex american war brings in a lot of land (NA/mexicans), gov wants to integrate west more w east

gave land in west if:

1. head of household

2. citizen

3. build 12x14 dwelling and stay for 5 yeas => 160 acres yours

*no race or gender requirements, can be an intended citizen -builds confidence to offset economy of east farmers w west -egalitarian BUT NA/Mexican's lands being claimed

80 mil arces being claimed, huge # of ppl, 5-20% claimed by women

biblical African Americans leaving south to go out west -gain opportunities, escape racism

if discover mineral resources on federal land => extract w $5/acre fee -important for industrialization -inspires multiple mini rushes to west

gov gave them loans/lands for tracks -gov wants special rate for shipping/priority -most land from west, companies got $$ Central Pacific = Sacramento, Ca Union Pacific = Nebraska to West

Promontory, Utah (May 10th, 1869)

more northern route, all corrupt, people want/need railroad BUT monopoly, limited access and ppl hate companies

most mex are descendats from mex-american war -stable pop in New Mexico, Texas, California

-negotiated to protect rights of Mexicans -ends Mex-American war , america gets half of mex land -can keep mex citizenship + stay in US OR after 1 year become US citizen automatically -cannot enslave Mex people -property rights protected but grants IMPRECISE from mex gov (=> need to pay lawyer thru land, lose lose)

there are 4 core races in the world: "white, black, native, and asians" -not all equal, mexicans are racial amagalmy of natives and whites, less than the pure races

towns + individuals in town/community can work it -gov can disperse land thru Homestead/Railroad acts

took control of repub gov in Mex territory -repub opportunities, participate w/ railroads, many lawyers -group attempting to accumulate land

"white caps" not radial (moderate-ish) vigilantes -willing to take action, secret society white people are scared of -fighting for Mexicans (seen and heroes/villains) -not thinking of Native Americans, only mexicans -not convicted though bc jury is all mex