Chapter 13: Anatomy of the Nervous System

It separates the cerebrum into two ________, a right and left cerebral hemisphere.

________ to the chain ganglia are three paravertebral ganglia in the cervical region.

________ within the cerebrum, the white matter of the corpus callosum provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

The ________ is the projection of axons from the striatum to the globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)

It is anchored to the ________ cranium and vertebral cavity.

Molecular signals induce cells in this region to differentiate into the neuroepithelium, forming a

forms, visible as a line along the dorsal surface of the embryo.

The ridge-like edge on either side of the neural groove is referred as the

As the neural folds come together and converge, the underlying structure forms into a tube just beneath the ectoderm called the

= "in front") is the forward-most vesicle, and the term can be loosely translated to mean forebrain

= "middle") is the next vesicle, which can be called the midbrain

which runs lateral to the neural tube.

is the forward-most vesicle, and the term can be loosely translated to mean forebrain.

is the next vesicle, which can be called the midbrain.

The third vesicle

The prosencephalon enlarges into two new vesicles

The neural tube establishes the anterior–posterior dimension of the nervous system, which is called the

There is a major curve between the brain stem and forebrain, which is called the

wrinkled portion

There is a large separation between the two sides of the cerebrum called the

It separates the cerebrum into two distinct halves, a right and left

provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

are responsible for cognitive processing, the most important function being that associated with planning movements.

contains nuclei that are important in learning and memory.

is the region of the cerebral cortex

a collection of structures involved in emotion, memory, and behavior.

(plural = gyri) is the ridge of one of those wrinkles

(plural = sulci) is the groove between two gyri.

that separates the temporal lobe from the other regions is one such landmark.

which are separated from each other by the central sulcus.

which has no obvious anatomical border between it and the parietal or temporal lobes on the lateral surface of the brain.

From the medial surface, an obvious landmark separating the parietal and occipital lobes is called the

meaning the general sensations associated with the body.

the primary somatosensory cortex, which is identified as Brodmann’s areas 1, 2, and 3.

which are the senses of body position and movement.

is the primary motor cortex.

is responsible for thinking of a movement to be made.

is responsible for the production of language, or controlling movements responsible for speech; in the vast majority of people, it is located only on the left side.

which serves cognitive functions that can be the basis of personality, short-term memory, and consciousness.

Beneath the cerebral cortex are sets of nuclei

are medial-lobe structures that, along with the adjacent cortex, are involved in long-term memory formation and emotional responses.

which are located deep in the cerebrum.

The caudate and putamen are called the

is the projection of axons from the striatum to the globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr).

is the projection of axons from the striatum to the globus pallidus external segment (GPe), then to the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and finally to GPi/SNr.

which projects to the striatum and releases the neurotransmitter dopamine.

or the sense of smell, which connects directly with the cerebrum.

which contains the pineal gland

which includes the subthalamic nucleus that is part of the basal nuclei.

The thalamus is a collection of nuclei that relay information between the cerebral cortex and the periphery, spinal cord, or brain stem.

The midbrain and hindbrain (composed of the pons and the medulla) are collectively

from the Latin words for roof and floor

is the inferior pair of these enlargements and is part of the auditory brain stem pathway.

is the superior pair and combines sensory information about visual space, auditory space, and somatosensory space

comes from the Latin word for bridge.

is the region known as the myelencephalon in the embryonic brain.

is related to sleep and wakefulness, such as general brain activity and attention

is the “little brain.” It is covered in gyri and sulci like the cerebrum, and looks like a miniature version of that part of the brain.

Sensory information from the periphery, which enters through spinal or cranial nerves, is copied to a nucleus in the medulla known as the

anterior midline

posterior midline

of nervous system fibers in these columns carry sensory information up to the brain

carry motor commands from the brain.

Between the two posterior horns of gray matter are the

Between the two anterior horns, and bounded by the axons of motor neurons emerging from that gray matter area, are the

The white matter on either side of the spinal cord, between the posterior horn and the axons of the anterior horn neurons, are the

is a reaction to this change in body position, so that blood pressure is maintained against the increasing effect of gravity (orthostatic means “standing up”).

The internal carotid artery enters the cranium through the

which are protected as they pass through the neck region by the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae.

which gives rise to branches to the brain stem and cerebellum.

runs in the groove of the longitudinal fissure, where it absorbs CSF from the meninges.

which then connect to the jugular veins.

which protect the brain

is a thick fibrous layer and a strong protective sheath over the entire brain and spinal cord. It is anchored to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral cavity.

is a membrane of thin fibrous tissue that forms a loose sac around the CNS.

which looks like a spider web, giving this layer its name.

a thin fibrous membrane that follows the convolutions of gyri and sulci in the cerebral cortex and fits into other grooves and indentations.

are the open spaces within the brain where CSF circulates.

There are four ventricles within the brain, all of which developed from the original hollow space within the neural tube, the

third ventricle by two openings

which is the space between the cerebellum and the pons and upper medulla.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles by a type of specialized membrane called a

Many of the neural structures that are incorporated into other organs are features of the digestive system; these structures

The most common type of sensory ganglion is a

constitute a row of ganglia along the vertebral column that receive central input from the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord.

which are located outside of the chain but have similar functions.

that receive input from cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves and are responsible for regulating the parasympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms.

The outer surface of a nerve is a surrounding layer of fibrous connective tissue called the

Within the nerve, axons are further bundled into fascicles, which are each surrounded by their own layer of fibrous connective tissue called

Individual axons are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the

and optic nerve are responsible for the sense of smell and vision

is responsible for eye movements by controlling four of the extraocular muscles.

are both responsible for eye movement, but do so by controlling different extraocular muscles.

is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face and controlling the muscles of mastication.

is responsible for the muscles involved in facial expressions, as well as part of the sense of taste and the production of saliva.

is responsible for the senses of hearing and balance.

is responsible for controlling muscles in the oral cavity and upper throat, as well as part of the sense of taste and the production of saliva.

is responsible for contributing to homeostatic control of the organs of the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities.

is responsible for controlling the muscles of the neck, along with cervical spinal nerves.

is responsible for controlling the muscles of the lower throat and tongue.