6.1 Anticoagulants

A general term for any process that stops bleeding

When hemostasis occurs because of the physiological clotting of blood, it is called...

Insoluble elements of blood, including cells, fibrin threads, that have chemically separated from the liquid component of the blood are called...

The technical term for a blood clot is...

A thrombus that is not stationary but moves through blood vessels is called...

Substances that inhibit the action of or formation of clotting factors and prevent clot formation

Substances that inhibit platelet aggregation and prevent platelet plugs

Substances that lyse (break down) existing clots

Substances that promote blood coagulation/arrests the flow of blood

Hemostatic drugs are also known as...

T/F Anticoagulants have an effect on clots that have already formed

Anticoagulants are used prophylactically to prevent which 2 events?

The coagulation system is known as ________ ________ because each activated clotting factor serves as a catalyst that amplifies the next reaction

The result of the coagulation system is _______, a clot forming substance

The coagulation system is typically divided into two pathways known as....

Which pathway is initiated when blood vessels are damaged by penetration from the outside which releases thromboplastin and activates factors VII and X?

Which pathway is initiated when factor XII comes into contact with exposed collagen on the inside of damaged blood vessels?

The mechanism of action of anticoagulants vary depending on what?

T/F anticoagulants work on different points of the clotting cascade

3 examples of anticoagulants are...

The prevention of clot formation also prevents complications that involve a thrombus becoming an embolus and causing an adverse cardiovascular event known as....

An embolus that lodges in the coronary artery is known as a....

An embolus that obstructs a brain vessel causes a...

An embolus that travels to the lungs is called a...

An embolus that travels to a vein in the leg is called...

Anticoagulants are used to prevent clot formation in 5 main settings:

The main side effects of anticoagulants include...

The risk of bleeding _______ (increases or decreases) with an increased dose of anticoagulants

the condition that occurs when the platelet count in your blood is too low

A screening test that helps evaluate a person's ability to appropriately form blood clots is...

The aPTT is measured in ______

The aPTT helps to keep medication in the ___________ range

Which anticoagulant drug is monitored daily by aPTT?

Which anticoagulant drug is given parenterally?

Heparin has a short half life of ____ to ____ hours

The effects of heparin can be reversed by...

T/F SC doses of heparin should be given in areas of deep subcutaneous fat and sites should be rotated

Subcutaneous doses of drugs should not be given within two inches of...

SC injections should not be aspirated as it can cause the formation of a...

T/F SC injection sites should be massaged after the injection

IV doses of heparin may be given by ______ or ___________

Anticoagulant effects of heparin are seen ___________ (immediately, 30 minutes later, 1 hour later)

Enoxaparin and dalteparin are examples of what kind of anticoagulant drug?

Low-molecular-weight heparins have a _____ (more or less) predictable anticoagulant response

T/F low-molecular-weight heparins require constant aPTT monitoring

low-molecular-weight heparins are given subcutaneously in the __________, rotating injections sites

the standard unit for reporting the clotting time of blood is

A standard INR for a client taking anticoagulants is ____ to _____

Which anticoagulant drug is given orally?

Warfarin sodium is monitored regularly by _____

What substance can be given if warfarin sodium toxicity occurs?

Vitamin K can be given by which routes?

T/F Warfarin sodium may be started while the client is still on heparin until prothrombin times indicate adequate anticoagulation

The therapeutic effect of warfarin sodium occurs __________ (immediately, 30 minutes after, one hour after, several days after)

aspirin, dipyridamole (Aggrenox), Pentoxifylline (Trental), Clopidogrel (Plavix), and Ticlopidine (Ticlid) are all examples of what kind of drug?

Antiplatelet agents ______ (increase or reduce) the risk of fatal and nonfatal strokes

T/F the side effects for every antiplatelet drug is the same

The number one concern that nurses look for in a patient taking antiplatelet drugs is...

_________ causes vasoconstriction, which alters the effectiveness of antiplatelet agents

streptokinase and urokinase are examples of ______ (older or newer) thrombolytic agents

Tissue plasminogen activator and Anisoylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex (APSAC) are examples of ________ (older or newer) thrombolytic agents

3 more examples of thrombolytic agents are...

The system that breaks down blood clots is called the...

Step one of the mechanism of action of thrombolytic agents involves activating the ____________ system to break down the clot in the blood vessel quickly

Step 2 of the mechanism of action of thrombolytic agents involves activating _________ to convert it to _________, which can digest fibrin and breaks down the thrombus

The 3rd and final step in the mechanism of action of thrombolytic agents involves reestablishing blood flow to the heart muscle via the _________ arteries, preventing tissue destruction

Acute Myocardial Infarction, Arterial thrombolysis, Deep vein thrombosis, Occlusion of shunts or catheters, and a Pulmonary embolus are all indications for which drugs?

The main side effects to watch for when using thrombolytic agents are...

What are the 3 types of bleeding that can occur with the use of thrombolytic agents?

What should be monitored in a client using thrombolytic agents intravenously?

Decreased BP, restlessness, and increased pulse are signs of...

Bleeding of gums while brushing teeth, unexplained nosebleeds, heavier menstrual bleeding, bloody or tarry stools, bloody urine or sputum, abdominal pain, vomiting blood are signs of...

Emphasizing the importance of regular lab testing, signs of abnormal bleeding, measures to prevent bruising, bleeding, or tissue injury, monitoring for signs of excessive bleeding, and wearing a medical alert bracelet, are all aspects of...

tomatoes, dark leafy green vegetables, bananas, and fish are foods that are contraindicated in clients taking anticoagulants because they are high in what substance?