U2 L4, A&P232

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The three parts of the ear are

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1

The three parts of the ear are

  • the inner

  • outer

  • middle ear

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2

The outer and middle  ear are involved with

hearing.

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3

The inner ear functions in

  • hearing

  • equilibrium

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4

outer ear is composed of

  • auricle (pinna)

  • external auditory canal (a short, curved tube filled with  ceruminous glands)

  • tympanic  membrane (eardrum)

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5

The tympanic membrane is a

  • boundary between the outer and middle ear

  • It vibrates in  response to sound and transfers sound  energy to the middle ear ossicles.

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6

the middle ear consists of

  • eustachian tube

  • tympanic cavity

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7

The tympanic cavity is a

small, air‐filled, mucosa‐lined  cavity that lies medial to the eardrum  and lateral to the oval and round  windows.

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8

The pharyngotympanic tube  (eustachian tube)

connects the middle ear to the  nasopharynx and equalizes pressure in  the middle ear cavity with the external  air pressure.

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9

The tympanic cavity  contains three small bones that  transmit vibratory motion of the  eardrum to the oval window they are

  • malleus

  • incus

  • stapes

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10

The inner ear is found within the

bony labyrinth of the temporal bone

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11

the inner ear contains

  • the vestibule

  • cochlea

  • semicircular canals

  • is filled with  perilymph.

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12

Within the bony labyrinth  there are a series of

  • membranous  sacs called the membranous  labyrinth

  • The membranous labyrinth contains endolymph

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13

The Cochlea is

  • a spiral, conical, bony chamber that contains the cochlear duct.

  • Hearing receptors (organ of Corti) are found there.

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14

the cochlea is divided into three chambers

  • scala vestibuli

  • scala tympani

  • cochlear duct (scala media)

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15

scala vestibuli

  • starts at the oval window, continues to the apex of the cochlea, and connects to the scala tympani via the helicotrema.

  • It carries perilymph to the apex of the cochlea.

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16

scala tympani

  • helicotrema at the apex of the cochlea → base of the cochlea  → ends at the round window.

  • It carries  perilymph to the base of the cochlea.

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17

cochlear duct (scala media)

  • located in between the scalae vestibuli and tympani, but is not  connected to them.

  • It is filled with endolymph and contains the organ of Corti

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18

sound is a

  • mechanical pressure wave

  • causes eardrum to vibrate

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19

vibration is passed on

the malleus → incus → stapes

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20

what amplifies sound?

ossicles

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21

The stapes passes the vibration onto

  • the membrane that covers the oval window.

  • perilymph → scala vestibuli → apex of cochlea → helicotrema → scala tympani → round window (where its dampened)

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22

The pressure wave is passed to

  • the scala  media, endolymph  moves, activating hair  cells in the organ of  Corti

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23

The movement  of hair cells stimulates

  • the cochlear branch of  the vestibulocochlear  cranial nerve (VIII) sending impulses to  the medial geniculate  nucleus in the brain

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24

auditory pathway

carry sound information from medial geniculate nucleus → primary auditory cortex → noise sensed in primary auditory cortex → auditory information sent to auditory association cortex (where it’s perceived)

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25

sound characteristics are

  • loudness

  • pitch

  • direction of sound

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26

Loudness of sound is related to the

  • amplitude of the sound wave.

  • Amplitude is perceived by varying thresholds of the cochlear cells and the number of cells stimulated.

  • This results in a varying rate of action potentials in the auditory cortex.

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27

Pitch is related to the

  • frequency of the sound wave.

  • High frequency sounds cause AP in hair cells at the base of the cochlea.

  • Low frequency sounds cause AP in hair  cells at the apex of the cochlea.

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28

direction of sound

  • If the sound occurs on the right side of the head, the right ear receives it before the left.

  • The brain compares the time delay between sound  arrival to the right and the left side and establishes the location.

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29

Equilibrium involves two components:

  • static equilibrium

  • dynamic equilibrium.

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30

Static Equilibrium provides

  • information regarding the position of the head relative to gravity

  • information on linear acceleration.

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31

The organ of static  equilibrium is

the macula, located in the vestibule of the inner ear.

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32

The macula consists of

  • sensory hair cells covered by a gel‐like cap with tiny crystals  (otoliths) inside.

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33

When the head is tilted, gravity causes

  • the crystals to slide to one side, pulling the gel and the sensory  hairs.

  • This causes hair cells to trigger nerve impulses along the vestibular nerve to the brain.

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34

Dynamic Equilibrium provides

  • information regarding linear and angular acceleration.

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35

Receptors for dynamic equilibrium are located  in

the crista ampullaris of the ampullae of each  of the semilunar canals.

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36

When the head accelerates in the plane of one of the canals,

  • fluid moves in the canal.

  • The hair cells are stretched generating AP.

  • Angular acceleration may affect one, two, or all of the canals.

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37

AP from both the macula and crista ampullaris  pass along

  • AP → the vestibular branch → the cranial nerve VIII →  to the brain.

  • Most of the proprioceptive information is directed to  the cerebellum and processed subconsciously.

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38

There are three modes of input for balance and orientation:

  • Vestibular receptors

  • Visual receptors

  • Somatic receptors (proprioceptors)

  • These receptors allow our body to respond reflexively

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