bio exam 2

species

ecosystem

genetic

number of species in a given area

different climactic cords in a given area

number of alleles in a gene pool for a populations

1. solar energy

2. evolutionary history

3. disturbances

closer to the equator = more species diversity

the longer a species have been established in an area, the more complex + healthier the interspecific interactions / coevolutionary relationships

regular/ moderate disturbances support the most species diversity

regions with high species diversity but most important high incidence of endemic species

species found there but nowhere else on the planet

@ risk of becoming endangered in the forseable future

@ risk of being extirpated or extinct in the foreseeable future

no longer present in part of its historical range

no longer in existence

constant

• small pop size

• small geographic range

• niche is specific

50%

above, so

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus

• global warming

• habitat loss

• overharvesting

• introduction of exotic species

• removal of natural predators

when species spread out of historic range and enter new areas where they have no evolutionary history, these animals bring new diseases

• this is bad for nature

• closer contact with disease carrying agents, if you remove the host, they seek a new host

this affects wild populations

• this interrupts coevolutionary relationships (fish)

it disturbs coevolutionary relations = competitive exclusion

• pythons in zoos (in florida)

• cats → hunt for fun, and literally kill everything

• disturbs cove relationships

• snakes, bobcats, wolves,bears

• use ration/ common sense

• appreciate their role in the ecosystem (they kill rodents)

• appreciate how human health benefits

  !!!! LEAVE THEM ALONE !!!!

God + Pope + Church are the ultimate authority

king is appointed by God

your socioeconomic position is the will of God

the Bible is written in latin and most people can’t read or speak it

the church condones torture to certain confessions

this is known as Benedicts rule

all of the monks are req to make copies of the Bible

Charlemagne established schools in the abbeys (monasteries), so the rich get educated

islamic people enter Spain from north Africa, reintroduce the wisdom of Ancient Greece to Europe

• this Is the renaissance and reformation period

this is the rebirth of learning

you have the power to change your destiny/ position through education

reformation makes ppl see discrepancies between what the church does

• takes place during the reformation period

the humanist movement

• age of reason and enlightenment

Thomas paine

reason is the ultimate authority

seek God’s divine order in nature

enlightenment period

this is a classification system based on importance

gods

people

fish

potatoes

cattle

chicken

goats

wheat

creates a new classification system based on God’s divine order in nature

• this was based on anatomical similarities and differences

• he’s right most of the time

• Darwin later adopts the concept “relatedness of species”

a term Darwin adopted based on carl Yvonne lines classification system

• geologist

• adopted the concept of gradualism

large geographic features are the product of natural process occurring @ a slow and constant rate (Grand Canyon)

• this removes the supernatural element

• this proposed the earth is more older than we thought

• 1st person to propose a mechanism 4 evolution

use and disuse traits

inheritance of acquired characters

traits that aren’t necessary become vestiges (during the lifetime of an org)

these traits are passed on to their offspring

• he collected and studied fossils from plaster mines and he noticed that each layer of the mines has a distinct fossil community

• catastrophism

1st person to suggest a species can go extinct, which Darwin will use later

God wipes out existing communities and replaces it with new creation

• he was a geologist

• modifies huttons gradualism

introduced the idea of uniformitarianism

large geographic feature are the product of natural process that occur slowly at a constant rate that continue to this day

beetles

divinity

scientist/ naturalist/ theologian role

Beagle

companion

they ended up in S. America

• He noticed that the plants, animals, and fossils weren’t anything like the creatures in Europe

• Darwin noticed that plants, animals, and fossils are more similar to each other than anything occupying a similar niche in Europe

• he saw earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruption ( saw dramatic change to the coastline)

• islands may be great places to see evolution occurring (small scale)

1. its far enough from the mainland to prevent back and forth traffic

2. its the right size

   • large enough to support a pop, small enough that the pop reaches K (carrying capacity fairly quickly)

finches

1. all pops have the reproductive ability to increase in size over the generations

2. eventually, there will be more orgs in a population than the available resources can provide for

3. within a pop, most individuals have the same traits, which are heritable

4. these traits occur in slightly varied forms (polymorphisms)

individuals within a population will eventually compete for resources

the individuals with differential repro success (int 2) will produce more offspring that carry the alles that confer this advantage

some phenotypes give and advantage to the individual which means that there is an increased change of survival

studied 4 several years in the pacific and independently developed the same hypothesis as Darwin

• he publishes in 1859

• Darwin punished in 1860 and darwijngets the credit

populations

• they show change over time

• micro

• macro

• artificial selection

a shift in allele frequency in a pop

• this is something we can see because it is small scale

• most likely won’t result in a new species

• if it does, it would be something small like red woodpecker yellow woodpecker

an accumulation of mircro evolution events that result in a large scale change

• we can’t see bc it takes too long

(dino → bird)

class → class (high order bc its above species level)

people breed plants/animals to amplify traits that they find desirable

• horses - we bred them to pull cattle, now we just ride

• plants- we turned mustard seed to cabbage, broccoli, Brussels

no new species

• natural selection

• mutation

• gene flow

• non-random mating

• genetic drift

• non-random mating

an org that has an advantage in foraging, hunting, camp, or predative arrangements

• lives longer + produces more offspring

• carries advantagoues trait

occur @ constant rate in order for a mutation to occur/enter in a pop, must be a copying area in miosis

• typically neutral effect but can also be positive or negative

• hox genes

genes that control embryonic development in animals

• very similar in all animals

• scientist propose that all the animals diversity on the planet is due to mutations within the hox genes

orgs enter + leave populations, taking their genes with them

a random event changes the gene pool

• pop size is reduced + the new gene pool differs dramatically from the parent (where you came from) gene pool

• bottle neck + fonder effect

• most of the population dies

(cheetas)

a segment of a population is separated from the main pop

• possums and finches

• male competition

• female mate choice

• sexual selection

males compete to determine hierarchy

• the dominant male mates those traits get passed on

females choose the best males

trait confers increased reproductive output + either:

• doesn’t affect survivorship

• negatively affects survivorship

sexual dimorphism

male and female look different without looking at genetalia

a chronology of life on earth when ancient orgs lived on earth

any representation of life on earth- when ancient orgs lived on earth

represent the body of the org (anatomy)

non body evidence of life

• the environment (in ancient times)

the study of ancient env

1. org must die in such a manner that the carcass is protected from scavengers

2. soft tissue is eaten by bacteria

3. millions of years pass by, soil accumulates on top the weight of the soil forces organic materials on top of the bones , minerals from the soil replace the organic materials

4. millions of years pass and erosion can expose them in the air

false- fossilization is is uncommon

large

healthy

• successful at foraging, camouflage, etc

peak

1. relative

2. radiometric dating

based on the rock layer that the fossil is in

ex: jurassic, cretaceous, upper lower etc

or

they can compare fossil location to index fossils

those (fossils) of a known age (younger/older)

this is carbondating

• when an org dies, its C14 continues to decay, since the atmosphere has a constant ratio of c12 and c14, the orgs make the ratio change

• scientists can determine the c12 and c14 ratio in dead and organic material and calc when the org dies

in fossilized bones, most of the organic matter is gone and the carbon ratios can’t be determined so INSTEAD we use radioactive elements (volcanic ash, potassium. 4) to date the soil around the bones

we can see anatomical features over time

he was a meteorologist

• served in ww1

• mapped The Atlantic Ocean floor

• mid Atlantic ridge

• proposed cont-drift

he died trying to prove his theories

saw that Europe, North America, Africa, line up here

continents floar on the crust and plow thru the crust like a ship plowing through ice

this was studied by alfred wegner, but this is our modern definition

• basically states that continents are apart of the crust

• the crust is divided into large touching plates that are in constant motion