US History 1 - Final Study Guide (Multiple Choice Topics)

Abolitionist, social reformer, and journalist who was motivated by ending slavery

Wrote “The Liberator”

Founded the American Anti-Slavery Society

Embraced a radical vision for America’s future

Lost interest in gradual emancipation (the eventual freeing of slaves born after a certain date when they turned 28) and wanted a more immediate abolition of slavery

Also fought for the women’s suffrage movement

Pro-slavery senator and leader in the south

Debated the Compromise of 1850

Was vice president under Andrew Jackson and often fought with him

Began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate for protective tarrots

Turned into an advocate for free trade, states’ rights, limited government, and nullification

Leader of the slave rebellion of 1831 in Virginia, which lead to the deaths of about 60 white people (specifically women and children)

He led this rebellion because he saw a solar eclipse which he thought was a sign from God

The rebellion lead to the “gag rule”, which outlawed the discussion of slaver in the House of Representatives

One of the leaders/conductors of the Underground Railroad

Led over 300 slaves to freedom

Was very outspoken for women’s rights

16th president of the United States and let the US through the civil War

Wanted to preserve the Union at all costs

Was assassinated in April of 1865

President of the Southern Confederate States from 1860 to 1865

Struggled to form a solid government for the states to be governed

Ex-slave who became an abolitionist and public speaker

Gave a new voice and cause to the abolitionists

Philosopher, economist, and philosopher

Wrote “A Theory of Moral Sentiments”

Was a pioneer in the political economy and played a big role in Scottish Enlightenment

American writer and activist

Leader in the women’s rights movement from the mid to late 19th century

Organized the first convention of women’s rights with Lucretia Mott

Issued the Deceleration of Sentiments (declared men and women be equal and demanded the right to vote for women)

Feminist, activist, and advocate for the abolition of slavery

Dedicated her lift to speaking out against radical and gender injustice

Organized the first convention of women’s rights with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Passed by Congress in 1830

Supported by President Jackson

Allowed the government to remove Native Americans from the east and force them to move west of the Mississippi

Many tribes signed treaties and agreed to voluntary removal

The land and water route used by the government to remove thousands of Native Americans (specifically Cherokee) from their homes between Georgia and Oklahoma

Over 4000 Native Americans died on this route

The invention of the cotton gin, which created a boom in the cotton industry

Slavery

An economic system where resources and production are privately owned

The government has no control over the economy and power is given to the upper class (the ones who privately own the resources)

An economic system where resources and production are owned by the state (government)

The state controls the means of production and the distribution of goods

Attempts to provide a more human and socially worthwhile alternative to capitalism (imperfect opposite)

A controversial political doctrine where the people in each state/territory should decide if their state should enter the Union as free or slave states

Someone who’s part of the movement to abolish (end) slavery

Part of the Compromise of 1850

Made it illegal to help runaway slaves

Allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal

Required escaped slaves to be returned to their slaveholders

A system of trails and people who assisted salves in escaping the south

It went from the South up to the North and into Canada

It consisted for conductors (guides), passengers (slaves), stationmasters (people who owned safe houses), and stockholders (people who had resources like food and clothes)

Ruled that African Americans (with and without ancestors who were slaves) had not legal view in court

A period of violence (1854-1858) where people fought over whether Kansas should be a free or slave state

Slaves worked on plantations as field hands

There were severe punishments

This was the more common type of slavery

Slaves worked on mills or ships and were very skilled

They had more freedom of movement and were punished less severely

They had increased contact with free black people who expanded their ways of thinking and increased their opportunities to learn

A loose union of independent states

The name given to the government used by the southern states that suceded during the Civil War

A republic formed in February if 1861

Comprised of 11 Southern states that suceded from the US (Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia)

A formal announcement from President Lincoln signed January 1st, 1863

Called for the freeing of “all persons held as slaves” within the southern states

Economy got better (relatively stable)

Good conditions for providing military supplies (machinery and guns)

Lots of inflation in the economy

Lack of food and a lot of suffering

Railroads that were used for the transportation of goods were destroyed

Established in 1861

Trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union army

Helped to professionalize nursing and gave any women confidence in the women’s movement in the post war years

“you have the body”

An order that requires jailers to bring a prisoner before a court/judge to explain why the person is being held

Suspended Habeas Corpus

Ceased the telegraph office (limited and monitored communication) Put ships in the harbor to block the south from receiving goods

Sent out the Emancipation Proclamation

Drafting people for the army

In the north, rich people would pay poor people to take their spot

They did not receive equal pay

They were still segregated, but were led by white officers

They were treated worse than their white counterparts

The Union (north) captured the Mississippi River, which cut the Confederacy (south) in half

Boosted the morale of the North

The south’s militia was surrounded and greatly outnumbered, so Lee decided it wasn’t worth the sacrifice and surrendered

Grant decided to let him and the confederacy go in order to begin reconstruction

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude (except as a punishment for a crime)

Granted citizenship to all people born in or naturalized (someone not born as a citizen) in the United States

Gave African American men the right to vote

"“rights of citizens of the United State to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

A faction of the Republican Party from 1854 to 1877 (the end of Reconstruction)

Strongly opposed slavery during the war

Demanded harsh policies for the former rebels after the war

Emphasized civil and voting rights for the recently freed slaves

Were more common in the North

More common in the south

Were pro slavery

Outlined that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union

A federal agency that was formed to aid and protect the newly freed black people in the south after the civil war

It was established in March of 1865 under the name “bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands”

It functioned for one year after the end of the Civil War

Laws passed by southern states before the civil war to keep slaves from running away or rebelling

They forbade slaves from gathering in groups of more than 3, leaving their owner’s land without a written pass, or owning a gun

Laws passed by the southern states after the civil war denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves

They forbade former slaves from suing people in court, did not allow black people to vote, and imprisoned black people that did not have jobs

Act passed by Congress that abolished previous state governments and set up 5 temporary military districts in the South run by Union generals

Designed to protect the rights of freed slaves by outlining the terms for readmission into the US for the rebel states

Used to describe white southerners that supported the Reconstruction after the Civil War

They worked with the freed slaves

People that the Democrats believed had betrayed the south by voting for the Republican party

They rushed to the South carrying their possessions in bags made of carpeting

An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the president, vice president, or other civil officer of committing “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors”

Happened to Andrew Johnson when he violated the Tenure of Office Act (law that limits a president from firing a congressional appointee without the senate’s approval)

Crimes against democracy and self government, like failure to supervise and abuse of authority

One of the richest Americans in history

He led the expansion of the American steel industry

Was an industrialist and philanthropist who gave 90% of his fortune to philanthropy causes because he didn’t want to die rich (captain of industry)

Preached for the rights of laborers and protected their jobs (captain of industry)

America’s first billionaire

Had humble beginnings but had the vision to become the richest person in America

While the average worker earned $8-$10 a week, he earned millions

Established the Standard Oil Company

Regarded as the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly in history (robber baron)

Donated money to churches, education, and medical science charities (captain of industry)

Financier who accumulated a lot of wealth from his railroad and shipping businesses

Made longer and faster steam boats

Treated his workers poorly and gave them low pay (robber baron)

One of the most powerful bankers of all time

Dominated the railroad and steel industries

Criticized for being too manipulative and spent most of his money on his art collection (robber baron)

Industrialists or big business owners who gained profits by paying their employees low wages

Drove out their competitors by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it

Once they controlled the market, they raised the prices higher than the original price

Owners and mangers of large industrial enterprises who had political and economic power which they used to benefit the workers

Offered more jobs building and running the railroads

Faster mail service (increased communication and the spread of ideas)

Made travel easier, cheaper, faster, and more accessible

The island that many Europeans immigrated into America through

A group of workers who joined together for a common purpose (to improve the terms and conditions they worked under)

The 19th President

His presidency was decided by the Compromise of 1877, which ended the Reconstruction Era and forced the removal of federal troops from the south

A farmer who rent land owned by another person

They pay rent in cash or shares of the crops

System of farming where farmers worked on land owned by an owner who provided them equipment and seeds

The farmer and the owner would both share the profits

Racist, anti-Semitic group committed to extreme violence to achieve its goals of racial segregation and white supremacy

Formed as a social group in Tennessee in 1866

Goals included political defeat of the Republican Party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy

Unwritten deal that settled the 1976 US presidential election

The north got the presidency, but they had to pull their troops out of the South, formally ending the Reconstruction Era