Identification II

The first scientific method of criminal identification

Anthropometry is Attributable to _____.

Bertillonage as a scientific method of personal identification was ultimately supplanted by the ______.

Color of hair, eyes, complexion, shape of nose, ears and chin.

Height, AP diameter of head and trunk, span of outstretched arms, length of middle finger, left little finger, left forearm and left foot, length and breadth of right ear, and color of left iris (11 such measurements).

Moles, scars and tattoo marks.

Front view and right profile of the head are also taken

The study of fingerprints as a method of identification

In 1858, ____ was the first to use Dactylography.

In 1892, ______ formalized Dactylography.

A loop is formed when one or more ridges entering from the same side recurving, existing from the same side.

The loop where the ridges start from the radial bone or thumb side of the hand and recurving around the core and exiting to the same side of the hand.

The loop where the ridges start from ulnar loop or little finger of the hand and recurving around the core and exiting to the same side of the hand.

the ridges run from one side of the print to another side, forming an arch like formation.

The ridges run from left side to other side with a small rise at the center like a hill or hump.

In this ridges entering from left side making an upright thrust at the center flowing towards the right side of the pattern.

Almost 30-35 % of populations have whorl pattern. Whorl is having one core and 2 deltas.

the composites are combinations of all the above-mentioned patterns.

a combination of a loop and a whorl.

a double loop pattern in which two loops are formed either by overlapping or surrounding one another and both the loops after terminating exiting from the same side of the delta.

Needs no processing to be clearly recognizable as a fingerprint. It is often.

A recognizable fingerprint indentation in a soft surface, such as butter, soap, cheese, paint, putty or tar.

It requires additional processing to be rendered visible and suitable for comparison.

‘When two objects come into contact with each other, there is always some transfer of material from one to the other’; hence, the great importance of visualizing them onto useful evidence.

Palmer and planter surfaces are hairless and sebaceous gland-free, but sweat glands are abundant, producing latent fingerprint residue.

Most sensitive, being capable of detecting monolayer of fat by sequential deposition of a thin coating of thermally evaporated gold followed by zinc.

One of the oldest techniques for detecting fresh latent prints. It is widely used, but insensitive.

Can be used on any nonporous surfaces, and is particularly useful on surfaces such as rough or grained plastic surfaces which cannot be easily treated using VMD.

Consists of a suspension of molybdenum disulfide suspended in aqueous detergent solution, which is applied by spraying or immersion.

One of the oldest and cheapest methods, and can develop recent prints on porous and non-porous surfaces

It is the most sensitive reagent available for detecting fingerprint on porous surfaces.

It is a widely used chemical which reacts with amino acids and produces a deep blue or purple color known as Ruhemann’s purple.

Smooth papers may be treated with black or magnetic powder, although these will usually detect recent fingerprints.

may be used on some smooth surfaces such as cigarette packets.

It is the only available technique for detecting fingerprints on a wet porous surface.

Useful for fabrics and adhesive tapes.

Useful for surfaces contaminated by grease or foodstuffs.

Useful for both porous and non-porous surfaces.

This technique involved dusting the skin surface with lead (or iron) and then exposure to long wave X-rays (Grenz rays).

can be used for imaging of latent fingerprints; it is of little use for casework because its application often requires a small area to be cut from the exhibit and coated with a conductive material to prevent the sample charging.

Resolution in 1973 discouraged '_____' identification ideology.

The ridge flow (pattern type, ridge count and focal areas such as delta, core and orientation).

The ridge path (Galton details or ‘points’) includes ridge endings, bifurcations, dots, combinations of the above and their relationship to one another.

Poroscopy and edgeoscopy both involve detail and are used in latent prints by examiners even without their conscious knowledge.

refers to friction ridge identification that is associated with all the ridges on the volar areas and not just on the fingertips.

The first ‘_______’ in the world was officially established in Kolkata on 12th June 1897 at Writers’ Building

A storage, search, retrieval and exchange system for finger and palm print electronic images and demographic data

A specialized study of pore structure found on the papillary ridges of the fingers as a means of identification.

Coined by Salil K Chatterjee in 1962; the examination of papillary ridge edges to identify them.

Skin patterns of toes and heels are as distinct and permanent as those of fingers.

Specialty using clinical podiatric knowledge for the purpose of person identification.

The study of lips.

represents grooves running vertically over the lips.

represents the branched grooves.

represents the intersected grooves.

represents the reticular pattern, much like a wire mesh.

represents all other patterns. These are irregular non-classified patterns.

Examination of hair.

The portion of hair at the base of skin. It has a base known as bulb, embedded inside the hair follicle.

The portion of hair lying above the skin and tapers to terminate at the free end as tip.

Outermost layer, consists of thin nonpigmented microscopic scales.

Middle layer, consists of longitudinally arranged elongated cells.

Innermost layer, composed of keratinized remains of cells.

These are subdivided into 3 classes

These are subdivided into syntheticpolymer, natural-polymer and other fibers.

The ratio of the diameter of the medulla to the diameter of the cortex.

Long, soft, taper from root to tip, split ends, and circular on cross section.

Thicker, straight, blunted tip, and triangular on cross section.

Stout, short, lack of uniformity, and curly with frayed or split ends.

Short and stiff, thick, tapering abruptly, and triangular on cross section.

Soft, fine and flexible, lack of uniformity of medulla, milder pigmentation, and narrow tip.

Hair of the newborn are fine, downy, soft, non-pigmented, non-medullated, and cuticular scales have smooth edges.

These are coarser, pigmented and medullated having a complex cuticular pattern.

These are apparent after the age of 40, and are devoid of any pigment.

Technique applied to determine whether the recovered skull is that of the person in the photograph.

It is enlarged to the size of the unknown skull and positioned in the same orientation as the face shot during photographic superimposition.

Which digitizes the skull and face photos using a video computer and suitable software, compares the two images morphologically by image processing.

It deals with the application of dentistry to aid in the administration of justice.

Comprise of a crop of punctate haemorrhages varying from small petechiae to large ecchymoses merging into a confluent central bruise.

It is semicircular or crescentic owing to the front teeth (incisors and canines) with a gap on each side due to upper and lower jaw separation, whereas an animal bite is deep parabolic arch or U-shaped.

These are present on accessible parts of the body, e.g. shoulders or arms, usually seen in psychiatric patients or teenage girls.

These are resulting from falls on to the face and during fits, biting of tongue and lips may also be there.

In sexual assault, _____ during bites reduces the air pressure in the centre and produces multiple petechial haemorrhages due to rupture of small capillaries and venules

Bite mark is photographed from different angles.

To identify or exclude assailant from ‘secretor’ status who exude blood group substances in the saliva.

Plastic substance (rubber or silicone based) or plaster of Paris is laid over the bite mark that hardens and produces a permanent negative cast of the lesion.

A forensic dentist's "picture" of a person's general features when dental records are unavailable and other methods of identification are not possible.

Follows the plan advocated by American and International Society of Forensic Odontology.

Adult teeth are numbered 1 to 8, with deciduous teeth indicated by a letter A to E.

It is similar to Palmer notation, except it uses a plus sign (+) to designate upper teeth and a minus sign (-) for lower.

A two-digit notation capable of indicating tooth and quadrant was developed.

In this method, the tooth and quadrant are designated by a separate number.

In this, each tooth is represented by a pictorial symbol that gives the same number of tooth surfaces as those on that particular tooth in mouth.

It is the study of palatal rugae in order to establish identity.

It is unique to a particular individual, and these are permanent and fixed and rarely alter following infection or injury.

The sutural pattern on the skull bone particularly of sagittal and lambdoid sutures are complex and are individualistic.

It is the study of shapes of the ear lobules and tips of ears as well as the hardness or softness of the helix and lobules, and hairiness of the helix and tragus.

The lines on the nose and shape of the tip of nose are considered to be individualistic

It is the study of the depressions and elevations (striations), numbers, distribution and dimensions of the ridges on the surface of the nails which are considered to be individualistic.

The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) and vector cardiogram (VCG) trace expresses cardiac features that are unique to an individual.