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What does Personality mean?
The characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique.
Personality originates from___
within the individual.
Characteristics of Personality
Organized and consistent.
Generally stable but can be influenced by the environment.
Causes behaviors to happen.
What is Id?
Unconscious psychic and instinct aim at satisfying basic urges.
What is Ego?
Works to achieve a balance between Id and superego.
What is Super ego?
Internalized ideals working to promote values learned in society. Fosters morality in ego.
What are the Major Theories of Personality?
Biological: Nature/Nurture.
Behavioral: Conditioning/Interaction with environment.
Psychodynamic: Id (needs), ego (moderates needs vs ideals), and super ego (ideals).
Humanist: Free will and individual experience (self-actualization/intrinsic motivation).
Traits: Blueprints/Stable characteristics (Ex: empathy, sociability, aggression, etc).
Biological theory of Personality
Nature/Nurture
Behavioral theory of Personality
Conditioning/Interaction with environment
Psychodynamic theory of Personality
Id, Ego, Super ego
Humanist theory of Personality
Free will and individual experience.
Traits theory of Personality
Blueprints/stable characteristics.
Big 5 dimensions of Personality
Openness.
Conscientiousness.
Extraversion.
Agreeableness.
Neuroticism.
Methods for researching personality
Experimental methods
Case studies and self-report methods
Clinical studies
The study of emotional psychology allows researchers to___
dive into what makes humans react as they do to certain stimuli and how those reactions affect us both physically and mentally.
Are emotions the same as feelings and moods?
No.
Define Emotion
A complex reaction pattern, involving experiential, behavioral, and physiological elements.
What’s the difference between moods and emotions?
Moods lack stimuli and have no clear starting point.
___are how individuals deal with matters or situations they find personally significant.
3 Components of Emotional experiences
A subjective experience.
A physiological response.
A behavioral or expressive response.
Feelings arise from___
an emotional experience.
Feelings are classified in the same category as___
hunger or pain
What results in feelings and what influences them?
Result of an emotion.
Influenced by memories, beliefs, etc.
Which component of emotional experiences is also referred to as stimulus?
Subjective experiences.
All emotions begin with___
a subjective experience.
What causes Physiological response in the emotional process?
Autonomic nervous system’s reaction to the emotion we’re experiencing.
What controls our involuntary bodily responses and regulates our fight-or-flight response?
The autonomic nervous system.
Which aspect of the emotional response is the actual expression of the emotion?
Behavioral response.
What are the basic emotions?
Joy
Sadness
Anger
Fear
Trust
Disgust
Surprise
Anticipation
The origin of the word “Psychology”
Greek word for psyche (soul or mind) and logos (word)
What was the definition of Psychology until the early 1900s?
The study of the soul or mind.
Psychology was defined as the study of the soul or mind until___
early 1900s.
Why was the definition of Psychology in the early 1900s critiqued?
Psychological research deals with what is observed, and mind is not observable.
Talking about mind may also suggest that one is talking about an object whereas mind is not. It is a mental activity process.
What was the definition of Psychology in the 1920s?
The study of behavior.
Psychology was defined as the study of behavior in___
the 1920s
What is the current definition of Psychology?
The systematic study of behavior and experience.
Psychology involves the study of___
Sensation
Perception
Learning and memory
Thirst
Hunger
Sleep
Attention
Child development
Deviancy and conformity
Qualitative methods to perform studies with a small sample size
Phenomenology
Ethnography
Longitudinal approach
Factors that everything psychological is dependent on
Age
Genetics
Health conditions
Awake or asleep
Past experiences
Environment and time of day
Gender
Culture
Context
What are the 3 main philosophical issues?
Freewill and determinism - things happen for a reason.
The mind-brain problem - how is experience related to the brain (consciousness different to mind?).
Nature-nurture debate - are we who we are by nature or by the process of nurturing?A
What is a drug that increases activity at a synapse called?
An agonist.
What is a drug that decreases activity at a synapse called?
Antagonist
What is an Agonist?
A drug that increases activity at a synapse.
What is an Antagonist?
A drug that decreases activity at a synapse.
Types of drugs
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Alcohol
Anxiolytics (tranquilizers)
Opiates
Marijuana (Cannabis)
Examples of Stimulants
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Amphetamines and cocaine are both which type of drugs?
Stimulants
What do stimulants do (ex: amphetamines, cocaine)?
Increase activity levels and pleasure by increasing the release, and decreasing reuptake, of dopamine and other neurotransmitters.
Which type of drugs increase activity levels and pleasure by increasing the release, and decreasing reuptake, of dopamine and other neurotransmitters?
Stimulants
How do stimulants increase activity levels and pleasure?
By increasing the release and decreasing the reuptake of dopamine and other neurotransmitters.
Examples of Hallucinogens
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
MDMA (at high doses)
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is which type of drugs?
Hallucinogens.
What do Hallucinogens do?
Induce sensory distortions.
Which type of drugs induce sensory distortions?
Hallucinogens
MDMA produces___at low doses and___at higher doses
stimulant effects
hallucinogenic effects
MDMA produces stimulant effect at___and hallucinogenic effects at___
low doses
high doses
What is the most widely abused drug in our society?
Alcohol.
What does Alcohol do?
Relaxes people and relieves their inhibitions
Impair judgement.
Which type of drugs relaxes people and relieves their inhibitions?
Alcohol
What are Anxiolytics (tranquilizers) used for?
relieving anxiety
relax muscles
promote sleep
Anxiolytics and alcohol act by___
facilitating inhibitory synapses.
How do Opiates work?
They bind to endorphin receptors in the nervous system for pleasure and relief from pain.
What are the effects of Opiates?
Immediate pleasure and relief
Which types of drugs bind to endorphin receptors in the nervous system for pleasure and relief from pain?
Opiates
What are Narcotics?
Drugs that produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreased responsiveness.
Which type of drugs produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreased responsiveness?
Narcotics
What does Marijuana (Cannabis)’s active compound, THC, act on?
abundant receptors
How does Marijuana work?
Marijuana’s active compound, THC, acts on abundant receptors.
Marijuana acts on receptors on the presynaptic neuron, putting the brakes on release of both excitatory and inhibitory transmitters.
What does Marijuana do?
Softens pain but not as powerfully as opiates.
Which type of drugs acts on receptors on the presynaptic neuron, putting the brakes on release of both excitatory and inhibitory transmitters?
Marijuana (Cannabis)
What is Marijuana’s active compound?
THC
Which drug softens pain but not as powerfully as opiates?
Marijuana
The study of emotional psychology allows researchers to___
dive into what makes humans react as they do to certain stimuli and how those reactions affect us both physically and mentally
What does Motivation mean?
The process of stimulating people’s actions for the purpose of accomplishing the set goals.
What is the crucial element in setting and attaining our objectives?
Motivation
Motivation is derived from the word “motive” which means___
Needs, purposes, intentions, desires, wants, or drives within the individuals.
What can an absence of motivation lead to?
Depression
Motivation encompasses the desire to___
continue striving toward meaning, purpose, and a life worth living.
What are the parts of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
Self-actualization
Esteem
Love and belonging
Safety
Physiological needs
Benefits of motivation
Enhanced employee efficiency
Better utilization of resources
Continuous development of employees
Reduction in employee turnover
Creation of a positive work culture
Improved employee attitude & behavior
Strategies for motivation
Flexibility: work/life
Pay and benefits
Job security
Work itself
Career advancement
Working condition
Method for staying motivated and setting goal
S - Specific
M -Measurable
A - Actionable
R - Realistic
T - Timebound
What is the SMART strategy?
S - Specific
M -Measurable
A - Actionable
R - Realistic
T - Timebound
What are the differences between Discovery Statements and Intention Statements?
Discovery statements:
Describe specific thoughts
Describe specific feelings
Describe current and past behaviors
Intention statements:
Describe future behaviors
Can include timelines
Can include rewards
What are the similarities between Discovery statements and Intention statements?
Both are a type of journal entry.
Are based on telling the truth.
Can be written at any time on any topic.
Can lead to action.
What are the 2 types of journal entry systems?
Discovery statements
Intention statements
What is the purpose of writing down discovery and intention statements?
To become a self-actualized learner who is developing self-awareness, self-direction, and other master student qualities.
Discovery statements assess___
where you are right now.
Discovery statements record___
specific thoughts, feelings, and behavior towards learning.
Discovery statements acknowledge discomfort as___
a signal for learning.
Characteristics of Discovery statements
They record specific thoughts, feelings, and behaviors toward learning.
They acknowledge discomfort as a signal for learning.
They do not judge you when things do not go well.
They tell the truth about what is really happening.
Characteristics of Intention statements
They state what you want in positive terms.
They describe your actions in terms that are observable and measurable.
They focus on small achievable actions.
They are time specific and often end with a reward.
Intention statements alter___
the direction of your learning.
Intention statements state what you want in___
positive terms
Intention statements describe your actions in terms that are___
observable and measurable.
Intention statements focus on___
small achievable actions.
Intention statements often end with a___
reward
Who wrote “mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed”?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Who proposed moral reasoning is a process that matures through a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
According to Kohlberg, to evaluate people’s moral reasoning, we should ask about___
the reasons for their decisions, not just about the decisions themselves.
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