Cells and microscope study guide

-First to describe cells -viewed thin slices of cork and compared them to cells in a monastery

-Observed cell organisms -"Little animalcules" -First to observe a red blood cell and a sperm cell

Named the nucleus

A.) Two lenses (ocular and objective) B.) Specimen must be transparent

-The eye piece -Magnifies the image

Holds the lenses

rotates the objectives/lenses

The platform for the slide

holds slide into place

Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen

• lights the specimen so its easier to observe

• (Mirror reverses the image of the specimen)

Used to carry the microscope

Supports the microscope

• Used for preliminary focusing

• NEVER used on high power

used to focus on high power, and to fine tune low power

This objective has a magnification of 100x (this is the max magnification)

This objective has a magnification of 10x (Minimum magnification) (Scanning objective - has a magnification of 4x)

the product of the ocular lens times the objective

Ability to distinguish between two objects very close together

The properties of light

uses a beam of electrons instead of light to get a greater resolution and magnification

used for viewing opaque specimens provides a 3-D view does not reverse the image

provides contrast without stains

separates organelles by spinning them in a test tube denser parts sink to the bottom of the test tube

the basic unit of life

• All organisms are made up of one or more cells

• These cells working individually, or together in tissues or organs, preform all life functions -All cells come from pre-existing cells.

• The first cell could not have come from a pre-existing cell

• Viruses, which are NOT cells have hereditary material and can reproduce

• Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA and can reproduce

-Do not have structures surrounded by membranes -Few internal structures -one celled organisms (like bacteria) -look like tampons

-Contain organelles surrounded by membranes -most living organisms

Organelles are small specialized structures that carry out life functions within cells

-regulates the movement of materials into or out of the cells -semi-permeable -selectively-permeable (like a door it can open and close) -composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins -it is fluid meaning it is flexible and are able to move within the membrane

-Jelly like environment of the cell (mostly H2O)

Movement of the cytoplasm (transports materials within the cell)

-Controls cell activites -surrounded by nuclear membrane -contains genetic material (DNA and RNA) -Involved in reproduction

-Dense region in the nucleus -Involves in the synthesis of ribosomes

-Site of cellular respiration -Produces energy (ATP) for metabolism

Synthesis, packages

Site of protein synthesis

-Forms passages throughout the cell for intracellular transport -Connects the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane

covered in ribosomes

No ribosomes

-contains digestive enzymes -breaks down damaged organelles or pathogens

Space in a cell surrounded by a membrane

Stores food to be digested

helps maintain water balance within a cell

-Only in animal cells -play a role in cell division

-Only in plant cells -Preform photosynthesis

-Only in plant cells -non-living structure that surrounds, supports and protects the cell -made of cellulose (a polysaccharide)

wet mounts

200x

methylene blue

a cell

under low power

cell walls

cell membrane and cytoplasm

mitochondrion

DNA and Ribosomes

the cell membrane and mitochondria

nuclei and ribosomes

nucleus

regulating the flow of simple sugars into or out of the cell

lysosome

vacuoles

cell structures work together to maintain homeostasis in single-celled organism