Studied by 10 peopleWhere does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
In the inner mitochondrial membrane
In glycolysis, what is glucose broken down into?
2 pyruvate
In glycolysis, what is pyruvate broken down into?
2 NADH and 2 ATP
What are the four main types of glycolysis enzymes?
Kinase, Isomerase, Dehydrogenase, and Mutase
Where does anaerobic respiration occur?
In skeletal muscle cells and yeast
When pyruvate from glycolysis is moved into the mitochondria, what is produced?
CO2, NADH, and acetyl-CoA
Where are fatty acids degraded?
In the mitochondria
What is released with one round of the Krebs cycle?
2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
What is FADH2?
An energy carrier molecule that holds reducing energy
What is glucose stored as in plants and animals?
Starch and glycogen, respectively.
What is another name for membrane transport that produces ATP?
Chemiosmotic coupling
Where are the most mitochondria found?
In cells that utilize a lot of energy → muscle, kidney, etc.
What kind of membrane structure do mitochondria have?
Double-membrane
What membrane has the highest protein content of any known membrane?
The inner mitochondrial membrane
What equation represents the proton motive force?
The Nernst equation
What is the name of the large protein complex that creates ATP?
ATP synthase
What is the percent efficiency of cell respiration?
~50%
What electron carrier has the highest redox potential?
Oxygen
What kind of light does chlorophyll absorb?
Blue and red light
What reduction reaction happens in Photosystem I?
NADP+ → NADPH
Where does the ‘special pair’ chlorophyll receive their electrons from?
Water splitting in photosystem II
What is the most common protein on Earth?
Rubisco
Where is calcium stored for cell signaling?
The endoplasmic reticulum
Where are proteins made?
In the cytoplasm
What provides the energy for materials to move in and out of the nucleus?
GTP
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
Creates lipids and releases calcium
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
Import proteins
What type of coat is formed during budding that drives vesicle formation?
Clathrin coat
What do vesicles use to recognize their target destination?
Snares
What holds misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum?
Chaperone proteins
Where are proteins processed in the Golgi apparatus?
The cisternae
What process imports fluid and cargo into the cell?
Endocytosis
What is the process of a cell engulfing large particles?
Phagocytosis
What is the role of lysosomes?
Cell degradation
What process destroys and recycles old organelles in the cell?
Autophagy
What molecules relay signals from GPCRs?
Trimeric GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins)
How many GPCRs are there in humans?
700+
What is produced when G-proteins stimulate adenylyl cyclase?
cAMP
What does cAMP induce?
Protein kinase A
What does Protein kinase A induce?
Gene expression
What is created from Phospholipase C activity?
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol
What are Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)?
Growth factor receptors
What do RTKs often induce?
Ras
What does activated Ras induce?
The MAP kinase cascade
What type of signaling is short distance and goes through extracellular fluid?
Paracrine
How do rapid signaling pathways mediate their signals?
Altered protein function
What types of filaments are polarized?
Microtubules and actin filaments
What is the major benefit of intermediate filaments?
They are able to withstand mechanical stress and have tensile strength
What is the assembly unit pf the intermediate filament?
The tetramer
What disease is associated with a defect in genes related to the nuclear lamina?
Progeria
What is the role of microtubules?
Organizing organelles in the cytoplasm
What is exposed at the minus and plus ends of microtubules?
Alpha and beta
What are the microtubule organizing centers?
Centrosomes
What GTP-driven process makes microtubules grow and shrink?
Dynamic instability
Kinesin and dynein are what kind of directors?
Plus end (kinesin) and minus end (dynein)
What are filopodia and lamellipodia?
Cell protrusions and sheets of membrane
What makes up microfibril?
Many repeating sarcomeres
What happens when the myosin heads bind to actin?
Phosphate release and the power stroke
What happens after muscle depolarization that causes contraction?
Calcium influx
Where does calcium bind in muscle contraction?
The troponin complex
What does troponin move?
The tropomyosin complex
What controls the progression through the cell cycle?
Cdks
What does the anaphase promoting complex (APC) induce the destruction of?
M and S cyclins during M phase
What does normally functioning p53 induce?
Apoptosis
What keeps sister chromatids together during DNA replication?
Cohesin rings
What phase does assembly of the mitotic spindle and contractile ring occur during?
M phase
What happens during anaphase A?
Chromosome are pulled poleward
What happens during Anaphase B?
Poles are pushed and pulled apart
When does the nuclear envelope reform?
During telophase
What gene is activated by survival factors to prevent apoptosis?
Bcl2 gene
What kind of cells does meiosis make?
Haploid
What structure is made by pairing of homologous chromosomes in meiosis?
A bivalent
What holds chromosomes together during recombination?
Chiasmata
What law is this: “alleles segregate independently and unite randomly” (?)
Mendel’s First Law: The Law of Segregation
What are the four types of tissues in animals?
Connective, epithelial, nervous, and muscular
What is connective tissue mostly composed of?
Collagen fibers
What links cells to the extracellular matrix?
Integrin adhesion
What molecules fill space in the extracellular matrix?
Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans
What is the role of epithelial cells?
Separating biological compartments
Where do epithelial cells rest?
On a basal lamina
What is the role of tight junctions?
Preventing ions and solutes from leaking between cells
What are cadherins?
Molecules that create small links that are very strong in large patches
Where are adhesion molecules attached?
To the actin cytoskeleton via linker proteins
What is the role of desmosomes?
Joining the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in another cell
What are gap junctions?
Channel proteins that link with another cell
Where are intestinal stem cells located?
The base of the crypt
What is the role of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?
Producing all blood cells
Embryonic stem cells can produce derivatives of all three germ layers, making them…?
Pluripotent
What type of genes have a gain of function relating to cancer?
Oncogenes
What type of cells have a loss of function relating to cancer?
Tumor suppressor genes
What is the final metabolite produced by glycolysis?
Pyruvate
What does the first step of glycolysis produce?
Glucose 6-phosphate
What does the electron transport chain convert high energy electron movements into?
Proton motive force
What complex are most chlorophyll molecules a part of?
The antenna complex
Where are proteins in the chloroplast synthesized?
The cytosol
What is the nucleotide bound by actin?
ATP/ADP
What is the nucleotide bound by tubulin?
GTP/GDP
What extracellular signals regulate commitment to the cell cycle?
Nutritional conditions and mitogens
Note
Flashcard