to aid in making a decision, pose a problem and then answer with information or proposed solution
What is the purpose of a position paper?
Position Paper
critical examination of position or stance, using facts and inductive reasoning, which addresses both the strength and weaknesses of the author’s opinion.
expresses a position on an issue. It gives arguments that support the opinion of the writer based on the evidence/facts collected.
Facts and inductive reasoning
What do position papers use to address strengths and weakness of author’s opinion?
debatable viewpoint
Position paper offers a _______________________ and persuasion on a topic or a subject.
Factual Knowledge
Information that is verifiable and agreed upon by almost everyone.
Statistical Inferences
Interpretation and examples of an accumulation of facts.
Informed Opinion
Opinion developed through research and/or expertise of the claim.
Personal Testimony
Personal experience related by a knowledgeable party.
Critical Response Essay
essay that evaluates or analyzes an author's writing in terms of his or her writing technique as well as the content of his or her writing.
General Statement and Thesis Statement
What does an introduction of a position paper include?
General Statement
present a big idea or concept expressed in a wider concept
Thesis Statement
more specific but brief declaration of an argument, presents counterclaims, reasons, or evidences proving its claims.
Argument
What does a thesis statement composed of?
Claim
idea in the argument that suggests, proves, or persuades; supported by presenting evidence (research, supporting testimony, scholarly logic, etc.)
Claim of Fact
stated is true or not. Proven objectively with facts.
Claim of Value
Based on a subjective quality, argues that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than another thing
Claim of Policy
A declaration of action, asserts what should be done.
Reason
cause of why the claim is presented
Evidence
supports reasons given to prove the claim
Body
clarifies the idea or main concept found in portions of the position statement. Paragraph is supported with evidence or research presented as facts.
Topic Sentence
The paragraph must include _______________, contains the main idea of the paragraph
Conclusion
restatement of the position presented in the introduction.
Background information/context, main argument, specific claim, counterarguments, and evidence
What should you consider when writing the introduction in a position paper?
Organization
argument flows logically from one point to the next.
Draft Essay
When revising, you should identify areas of concern in the _________________ while revising.
Peer reviews and checklists
What sources could assist you in revising?
Cohesion
relationships between ideas are easy for a reader to follow; elements of paper work together smoothly and naturally.
Coherence
when sentences and ideas are connected and flow together smoothly.
Active Voice
when subject of sentence perform the action
Passive Voice
subject of the text receives the action
3 sentences
In a paragraph, how many supporting sentences should it have?
Science
systematized body of knowledge that is continuously developing through research, observation and experimentation.
Scientific Report
form of academic writing explaining a technical or scientific research.
Process, development, and outcome
What does a scientific report focus on?
Recommendations
What do scientific reports give to supplement explanation and improve scientific process?
Abstract
A stand-alone summary that provides a comprehensive synopsis to briefly discuss the reasons for doing research (process, methods, and results)
DO NOT
In an abstract, _________ discuss related literature or research similar to yours
Table of Contents
used if there are more than 6 pages
Introduction and Literature Review
Contextualize the research for the readers. Should catch the attention of readers.
purpose, description, similar research, general design, and research hypothesis
What should be included in the introduction and literature review?
Methodology
Shows process and how was the process done
Results
provides concise explanation and includes pictures, tables, graphs, and interpretation of visual graphics
Discussion
Explain the results of your scientific research.
the discussion
Where do you acknowledge errors in the findings and what caused these?
Conclusion
brief but substantial not longer than the Discussion section. Links and emphasizes findings from objectives and introduction
References
Provides information about all the ______________ that you used in the course of your scientific research
Appendices
Include the documentation of your research experiment. Each picture must be labeled.
title, name of authors, details of authors, and date of submission
What is typically in a title page?
Strict and formal
How should you write your scientific report?
holistic view
Considers something as a whole rather than as separate parts.
Do not repeat the information
Each part is self-contained unit and so no need to repeat it.
Past tense and passive voice
What tense and voice should you use in a scientific report?
General-specific pattern
When discussing raw data, one should follow the ________________.
How it might impact the results
How should you discuss potential errors in the scientific report?
Survey
consists of a series of questions used to gather information from a particular group.
Demographic Profile
What does a survey provide to companies and organizations?
Survey Report
type of academic report that uses research to provide information about a topic.
Questions based on research objective and summary of responses
What does survey report include?
Demographic Questions
provides background information about the respondents
Rating Scale
use numbers toaccurately represent their response
Likert Scale
scale provides options that exactly describes their feedback or opinion
Multiple Choice Questions
list of probable answers to their convenience
Open-ended questions
respondents are free to write down their responses
Tabulate results
What is the next step after collecting the survey data?
Graphs
organize and present quantitative information
Charts
summarizes data, discusses procedures, and describes data relationship
Diagrams
tell the characteristics or elements of an idea or a concept, or to show a process
Introduction, body, and conclusion
What are the parts of a survey report and position paper?
Abstract, introduction and literature review, methodology, discussion, results, conclusion, references, and appendices
What are the parts of a scientific report?
Method used and target respondents
What is in the introduction of a survey report?
Information from survey research process
What is in the body of a survey report?
Tabulated, analyzed, and explained
Significant findings should be?
Objectives and Recommendations for Improvement
What is in the conclusion of a survey report?
Present tense
What tense should you use in a survey report?
Reported speech
Instead of direct quotations, use ___________________.
Straightforward and impersonal
What should be the style of the survey report?
Percentage and proportions
What should you use to make your survey report more exact?
Field Report
detailed document that provides information, observations, and analysis about a specific event, situation, or phenomenon observed in the field.
Observation and Analysis
What does field report require?
Strand-specific
Field reports are written always as ___________________________.
Rationale or Objectives
What does the introduction of a field report include?
Methodology, Findings, and Analysis of the Field Report
What does the body of a field report include?
Summary, Recommendations, and Limitations of the report
What does the conclusion of a field report include?
Engaging
Your field report should be written to be __________.
Vivid descriptions
What descriptions should you use in a field report?