memory

learning that persists over time

interpretive

perception of event (puzzle)

information undergoes systematic changes as it is processed

process of getting information into the memory system

unconscious encoding of incidental information

automatic processing, learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

ex. riding a bike

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

effortful processing, facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall

ex. school

retention of encoded material over time; holding on to info

the location and recovery of info from memory; pulling info from storage

external event—>sensory—> working/short-term—> long term—> short term

briefly holds information from our environment and feeds our working memory; no meaningful encoding; a few Seconds

attaches meaning to sensory memory info by integrating it with info in long-term memory; attention, 20-30 seconds, can hold about 7 pieces of info- CIA FBI example

mental workspace

organizing items in to manageable chunks

memory aids (acronyms, rhymes, stories, imagery)

distributed study practice to yield better long-term retention than cramming

relating an event from personal experience to help associate and memory

long term storage of information, unlimited capacity and duration, contains schemas

longterm, a clear and vivid LT memory of an especially meaningful event

ex. day izzy died

memory of personally experienced events or “episodes”

memory of facts and general knowledge

web of knowledge or association in semantic memory, gives context for understanding an event, provides framework for interpretation

ex. sandlot on whiteboard from class

our memory of “how” to do something, space time and frequency memories, associations such as those in classical conditioning

cerebellum and basal ganglia

The cerebellum is a brain region that controls coordination, balance, and motor control. Damage to the cerebellum can cause issues with motor skills, coordination, and balance

back of brain

The brain region responsible for motor control, reward, and habit formation also regulates muscle tone and movement coordination. ase.

when events come with greater emotions were more likely to remember them

how memories were encoded, how memories are cued

stimuli used to bring a memory to consciousness or cue a behavior

the activation often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

hear and here example from class

retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information

retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented

ex. multiple choice question

The principle stating that memory retrieval is most effective when the context and cues at encoding match those at retrieval.

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior, influenced by nature and nurture

focuses on instincts, behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unearned (nature)

the theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

a point of view or general standpoint from which different things are viewed, physically or mentally

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

physiological needs creates an aroused state (or drive) that moves an organism to satisfy the need

the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment

a reason for doing something; something that stimulates action

some behaviors can increase arousal, special interest in the relationship between arousal and performance

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

theorized that we are motivated to fulfill needs in priority order

1st level, need to satisfy hunger and thirst

2nd level, need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

3rd level, need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation

4th level, need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others

5th level, need to live up to our fullest and unique potential

6th level, need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

desire to associate with others, to be part of a group, to form close and intimate relationships

theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

excessive self-love and self-absorption

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, directly related to operant conditioning

extrinsic rewards reduce internal intrinsic motivation, except through performance

special class of motives that help us respond to important situations and communicate our intentions to others

emotions result from attention to our bodily arousal following a stimulus

the subjective feeling and bodily arousal occur separately yet simultaneously following a stimulus.

the first theory to take cognitive appraisal into account

discovered how a stirred up satte can be experienced as different emotions

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

"high road" more complete appraisals of incoming stimuli, good for complex feelings, conscious and linked to explicit memory, relatively slow and thoughtful

"low road" enables fast emotional response before our intellect intervenes, outside conscious awareness, can act as an early warning system

our brain is an amazing detector of subtle expressions helping most of us read nonverbal cues as well

detect signs of trustworthiness, attraction, and threat, hard to detect deceit, the primary emotions are easiest

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

• happiness

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions