Chemistry of Life AP Bio (Unit 1)

Life forms have in common in that they are made of matter that is exchanged with the environment to

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Matter is made up of

The four most essential elements of life are -

the four essential elements (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen) CHON are used to build .. …

The four essential elements are also used to form …. in all organisms

Trace elements

Atom

Within an atom, there are smaller subatomic particles called, … … ….

protons and neutrons are packed together in the core of a cell to form the ….

protons are .. ..

neutron are .. ..

When a substance changes chemical identity

The atoms of a compound are held together by … …

Chemical bonds can be – …, …, …

Ionic bonds are formed between two atoms when one or more …. are transferred from one atom to another

In order for an ionic bond to occur, one atom … electrons and becomes positively charged, and another atom …. electrons and becomes negatively charged

Changed forms of atoms after an ionic bond

An ionic bond results from …

When electrons are equally shared between atoms in covalent bond

When electrons are shared unequally between atoms in a covalent bond

when one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms

when two pairs of electrons are shared

Water is considered a unique molecule because it plays an important role in…

In water molecules, the electrons are not shared equally between oxygen and hydrogen, because oxygen has partial … charge and hydrogen has partial … charge

Molecules with partial positive and negative charges are said to be…

Positively charged ends of water molecules …. attract negatively charged ends of other polar compounds, and vice versa

Hydrogen bonds are seen in … ..

Hydrogen bonds are … chemical bonds

Hydrogen bonds are formed when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is ….

Water molecules are held together by

Although hydrogen bonds are individually …, they are …. when present in large numbers

Because water reacts well with other polar substances, they make a great ….

Being a solvent means it can … many kinds of substances

Hydrogen bonds holding water together leads to : (C,A, ST, HHC, EOF)

Strong tendency to stick together

Tendency to stick to other substances

Cohesion and adhesion together account for water’s ability to rise up in roots, trunks, branches of trees (thin vessels)

Cohesion contributes to this, allowing water molecules to stick together and light things like leaves and water striders can sit on top without sinking

Water is important because most … occur in watery solutions

Solutions are acidic if it contains a lot of

If you dissolve an … in water, it will release a lot of hydrogen ions

Bases do not release … when added to water

Bases release a lot of ….

Bases are also known as

Bases usually have a …. consistency

Alkalinity or acidity can be measured with a …

Compounds with a skeleton of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms

Compounds without carbon atoms, like salt

Organic compounds are compounds with a skeleton of … atoms surrounded by …. atoms

Carbon is important for life because it is a …. atom

Carbon atoms have the ability to not only bind with other … but other elements like …, …, …. (HON)

Molecules made of carbon and other elements are key in carrying out activities …. … …

most macromolecules are

polymers are

monomers are the

Polymers are formed through

In dehydration synthesis, a … molecule is lost, and a … …. is formed

polymers can also be broken down into

addition of …. breaks down the bond between the two monomers in ….

Carbohydrates are organic compounds that contain:

Carbohydrates are usually categorized by: …, …, …

saccharides are a fancy word for ….

Monosaccharides are the simplest

Monosaccharides serve as … … for cell

The two most common sugars are … and ….

The formulas for glucose and fructose are both

Glucose is the most …. sugar/monosaccharide

Glucose is an important part of …. WE eat, and is the favorite …. of plants made during photosynthesis

Living organisms break down glucose to provide cells with ….

The breaking down of glucose for energy is a process known as ….

fructose, is another monosaccharide, well known for being a common sugar found in ….

Glucose/fructose are either depicted as … or …

When two monosaccharides are joined, they are bonded by a

Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic linkage is called a ….

The disaccharide formed between two glucose molecules is

The disaccharide formed between two table sugar molecules is

The disaccharide formed between sugar found in dairy products molecules is

Disaccharides can be broken down with …

Polysaccharides are made up of ….

Polysaccharides consist of …/… ….

The most common polysaccharides: …, …, …

Glycogen and starch are

Glycogen stores sugar in ….

Starch stores sugar in ….

Cellulose is made of ….. …

Cellulose is a major part of …

Chitin is a ….

Chitin is used as …

Protein performs most of the … in your cells

Protein is important for ….. …. … of … and ….

….. of different types of proteins

Organic molecules that serve as the building blocks of proteins

Every amino acid has four …

The four important parts that every amino acids have are:

Amino acids only differ in the …

The R-Group is also called a …

The R-Group associated to an amino acid can be … or …

Amino acids vary in: .., …, …, and …

Side chain polarity affects whether an amino acid is more … or more …