ap psych chapter 14 terms + concepts

your nature and nurture that can be similar or different from other people

believed in the psychodynamic approach and came up with the 5 psychosexual stages

behavior and personality comes from your unconscious

the result of being stuck in one of the 5 psychosexual stages (the unresolved conflict)

says do whatever makes you happy (“the devil”); operates on the pleasure principle

compromise/the mediator (“the middle-man”); operates on the reality principle

your ideal self/what you should do (“the angel”); “super-man”

(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in biting your nails/always wanting to have something in your mouth

(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in being a neat-freak/a slob (all about control)

(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in being jealous due to a lack of power

occurs in the phallic stage; having sexual feelings for the parent of the opposite gender and wanting to eliminate the other

(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in hiding sexual feelings and only hanging out with your same gender

(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in developing mature and healthy relationships

help protect us and shape our personality and actions; occur unconsciously

Pushing an unwanted thought or memory out of awareness

Retreating to an earlier stage of life to feel happier

Behaving and/or thinking the opposite of one’s feelings

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real unconscious reasons

Transferring unacceptable impulses into a socially acceptable option

Disguising one’s thoughts/feelings and attributing them to others

Shifting aggressive impulses to a less threatening object or person

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Overachieving in one area to make up for failures in another

developed by Carl Jung; we share unconscious thoughts from our ancestor and these thoughts shape our personality

developed by Alfred Alder; we have an unconscious drive to always be better

developed by Karen Horney; men feel inadequate because they cannot give birth and explains the “machoism” that men often show

personality is a combination of characteristics that people display over time and across situations

(father of the trait approach) attempted to describe personality through central and secondary traits

Characteristics that are usually obvious and constant

Characteristics that are more specific to certain situations and control far less behavior

developed by Hans Eysenck; introversion extraversion and emotionality-stability

developed both the behavioral approach system and behavior inhibition system

Affects people’s sensitivity to rewards and their motivation to seek those rewards; responsible for how impulsive or uninhibited a person is

Affects how sensitive people are to potential punishment and the motivation to avoid being punished; responsible for how fearful or inhibited a person is

describes personality using 5 dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness (OCEAN); can have high/low of each dimension

(objective test) tests 4 types through pairs of statements

biological and a basic behavioral tendency

focuses on conscious thoughts and emphasizes nurture

believed in the social cognitive approach and developed the reciprocal determinism

behavior, the environment, and thoughts interact/affect each other to create a person’s personality

Having confidence in succus because you succeeded in the past

Not having confidence in success because you didn’t succeed in the past

developed by Walter Mischel; encodings, expectancies, affects, goals/values, and competencies/self-regulatory plans

developed by Julian Rotter; learning creates cognitions (known as expectancies), which will then guide behavior, which leads to the creation of your personality

You believe events are controlled by your own efforts

You believe in luck and destiny

focuses on growth and potential; how you view yourself

developed the actualizing tendency and self-concept

a process towards growth and achievement

the way we think about ourselves (effects your self-esteem)

(negative/don’t want it) a feeling we get when we are personally evaluated and not the behavior; created by someone else

(personality inventories) contain direct and clear items to a person’s personality

(objective test) was originally designed to asses psychological disorders; asks true/false statements

(objective test) neuroticism, extraversion, and openness; good for relationships because it has a private/public version (self-view vs. others)

respond to vague and open-ended stimuli to reveal your unconscious

(projective test) 10 cards with inkblots (color and black/white); you describe what you see

(projective test) 10-12 cards with picture (only black/white); you tell stories about the people you see and what’s going on in their life

being focused on what you do not have and always wanting more

being happy with what you have and NOT focusing on what you do not have

focused on deficiency vs. growth orientation

an early field of psych, that looks at the structure of the mind/what makes up thoughts (connected to introspection)

how does stimuli change the way we function (how do we adapt?)

chemical/physical/nature

adaptation and instincts

learning (observable) and reward/punishment

thoughts/thinking to decision making

nurture/culture/religion/society

rules of science

give you control/test for cause and effect

in-depth investigation into an individual or group

what you control/manipulate (you get it/you don’t)

what is measured (survey, test, quiz,…)

numbers that describe the data/summarize the data

apply results and ask the question, what do the results mean?

shows variability/greater the range, greater the SD/greater the SD, the more variability/if no SD, no variability

both variables move in the same direction

one variable increases, the other decreases

difference in results are larger than would be expected by chance

voluntary muscle movement

involuntary muscle movement and made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

calms the body down

gets the body ready to respond (fight/flight respose)

(part of the hindbrain) keeps you conscious

(part of the forebrain) deals with hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex drive

where personality, decision making, muscle movement, and speech are dominate

sensation of touch ad body position (equilibrium)

deals with hearing, facial recognition, and declarative memory (facts, dates, and names)

deals with vision (the processing of visual fields)

a neurotransmitter and a lack of it can lead to Alzheimer’s disease

a neurotransmitter and a lack of it can lead to depression

a neurotransmitter; a lack of it can lead to Parkinson’s disease and too much can lead to schizophrenia