human sexuality exam one (COMPLETE)

• self understanding about sexuality

  • attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, values and their sources

the peak of sexual arousal

• linked to sexual desire and genital sensitivity

• castration leads to reduced sexual desire

testosterone deficiency that results from certain endocrine system diseases

• decreased sexual desire

• reduced sexual sensitivity

• depression

• low energy

• decreased bone density

• increased fat

• many ethnic and religious groups

• differences in acculturation within groups

• cultural traditions vs religious teachings

• wide range of values

• varying degrees of education and socioeconomic status

• intergroup differences

• often more variability within a group than between any two groups

• sex = penis in vagina only

• penis is primary source of satisfaction

• devalues behaviors that may be pleasurable for females

• other forms are considered foreplay (and not “real sex”)

• extend beyond physiological differences

• expectations of “appropriate behavior” for men and women (“slut shaming)

• rigid gender role conditioning can limit each persons potential and can harm their sexual

• strict and binary gender socialization can be oppressive for gnc individuals

• spirituality through celibacy (considered superior to marriage)

• sex outside of marriage as sinful

• contradictory images of women emerged

  • virgin mary: compassionate, pure and unattainable

  • eve: evil tempress

  • underpinned witch hunts (blamed on carnal lust)

gender roles were highly specialized and procreation was essential

• protestant reformation

• valued sex in marriage → goes beyond procreation

• prostitution flourished

• increased respect for women

  • during the victorian era womens role was polarized between images of madonna and eve

  • distance between husband and wife

    • intensely passionate friendships sometimes developed between women

victorian women experienced sexual desire, enjoyed intercourse and experienced orgasm

• 19th amendment gave women the right to vote

• great depression led to more restrained behavior

• during wartime, womens roles shifted

after WWII

• post-war retreat into traditional gender roles

  • men returned to the workplace

  • women devoted themselves to their homes, children and husbands

• 60s and 70s “sexual revolution” confronted the norms of previous decades

  • numerous contraceptives introduced

  • permitted separation of sexual pleasure from reproduction

• attitudes begin to change toward homosexuality

  • lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people began top openly declare their sexual orientation

• supreme court legalization of same-sex marriage in 2015

• has potentially epic impact on sexual attitude

  • internet used for dating, finding sex partners, retrieving sexual health info, viewing porn, expressing sexual fantasies and more

• it impacts societal norms

• increases freedoms and responsibilities

• controversies regarding social policies, laws and ethics

• overturning of 1973 roe vs wade by the supreme court

• “right to get an abortion should be regulated by the state”

• federal vs private funding for birth control

• government should censor more degrading sites on the internet

• abstinence only vs comprehensive sex education in schools

• civil rights for sexual and gender minorities

• public funding for sex research

the study of sexuality

• understanding sexual behavior (physiological, cognitive and social)

• predict sexual behavior (medical and interpersonal outcomes)

• to control/influence sexual behavior and events

  • improve psychosocial functioning, safe sex and other behaviors

  • ethical considerations when controlling behavior

researchers observe and record responses of participants

advantages:

• eliminates the possibility of data falsification

disadvantages:

• may be difficult to find an adequate research sample

• behavior is influenced by observers

• conducted in a controlled laboratory

  • subjects reactions can be relliably measured

  • independent variable: component manipulated

  • dependent variable: resulting behavior

advantage:

• casual relations can be identified

disadvantage:

• artificial settings

• examines a small group of people in depth

  • can be studied individually or in a groups

• is why social phenomena exists

• it is how people contextualize and make meaning of their experiences

• individual interviews

• focus groups

• qualitative responses are coded and looks for themes

advantages:

• in-depth explorations of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. good for understanding context and lived experiences

• rich, detailed, complex, and highly personal info

• good for understanding rare events/conditions, context and lived experiences

disadvantages:

• limited generalization of findings

• not suitable for many kinds of research questions

• possibility of inaccurate reports

asks participants about sexual experiences or attitudes

• small to large samples

• most frequently used approach

• gains data from survey sample to generalize to target population

• data gathered from relatively large groups of people by means of questionnaires or interviews

advantages:

• questionnaires: quick, cheap and anonymity may improve honesty

• interviews: more flexible, rapport may be established and possibly improve understanding

disadvantages:

• influenced by emotions, values, reporting concerns, and poor memory

• non-response bias

• demographic bias

• possibility of inaccurate info

• commissioned during the AIDS epidemic in 1987 funding was cut in 1991 (conservatives) and eventually received funding from private foundations

• survey of ~4k people to assess prevalence of practices and attitudes and to contextualize these findings

• there was a continuing problem for obtaining federal funding for sex research

• seeking funding from pharmaceutical companies which shifted focus to biological processes from psychosocial aspects of sexual functioning

• more content with erotic lives

• less sexually active

• more sexually conservative than was widely believed

• kinsey’s reports

  • wrote “sexual behavior in the human male” (1948) and “female” in 1953. he helped make sexual behavior an approachable subject for research

  • following WWII, first surveys to consider patterns of sexual behavior among US adults (not representative of US population)

  • good baseline for estimating changes over time (rates of intercourse among unmarried people)

• clark and hatffield (1989)

  • researched confederates in night club proposition others for sex

  • majority of men consented; women did not

    • possibly because of concerns about safety and social repuation

• baranowski and hecht (2015)

  • “matchmaking” study: if agree to meet, 30 minutes filmed then can leave

  • men = women with number of partners selected

measures male sexual arousal

increases in vaginal blood volume

clitoral blood volume and genital arousal

measure muscular activity in pelvic area

advantages:

• cheaper

• more efficient

• less influenced by social desirability

• easier to download and analyze data

• nearly limitless participants

disadvantages:

• sample-selection bias

• low response rates

• privacy issues

• caregivers might not provide consent

• sexual and gender minority youth might have to come out to parents

• nonresponse: the refusal to participate in research study

  • more comfortable? concerned their experiences are atypical?

• self-selection: more sexually experienced and more positive attitudes

• social desirability bias: issues with recall and self image

• demographic bias: weighted towards white, middle-class volunteers

external female genitalia

triangular mound over pubic bone above the vulva

• pads of fatty tissue, numerous nerve endings, covered with hair at puberty

outer lip of the vulva

inner lips of the vulva

• hairless folds of skin that join at prepuce, the clitoral hood

highly sensitive structure, only function is sexual pleasure

area of vulva inside labia minora (urinary and vaginal openings)

tube/opening through which urine passes through bladder

opening of the vagina

tissue that partially covers the vaginal opening

area between the vagina and the anus for the female and the scrotum and anus of the male

engorged with blood during arousal, functions closely with the clit

secretes a few drops of fluid during sexual arousal in the vaginal opening

• multi-directional design; allows vaginal opening to expand greatly during childbirth and to contract afterward

  • kegel exercises strengthening for pelvic floor

stretchable canal that opens at the vulva

• area of erotic sensitivity on lower front wall of vagina

  • sensitive to pressure

  • sometimes results in ejaculation of fluid

  • located by systematic palpation of entire front wall of vagina

via vaginal secretions

• douching and other sprays/powders are not necessary and can lead to irritations, cancer etc

extensive network of blood vessels in tissues around vagina become engorged with blood

• decreases of ph of vagina and can increase enjoyment

small end of the uterus, location at the back of the vagina

pear-shaped organ inside the female pelvis, within which the fetus develops

nourishes zygotes, thickens with hormonal changes

two tubes, extending from the sides of the uterus in which the egg and sperm travel

• cilia and contractions move the egg (viable for 24-48 hours)

female gonads that produce ova and sex hormones

• estrogen and progesterone

sloughing off of the uterine lining and takes place if conception has not occurred

• flow

  • lasts from two to six days

• volume

  • varies from six to eight ounces

• duration

  • varies from 24 - 42 days

  • interval between ovulation and onset is 14 days (range 12-16)

initial onset of menstrual periods

• age 11-15

• dependent on heredity, health altitude (lower = early); also obesity

the pituitary gland makes hormones that tell the ovaries what to do. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) makes the ovaries produce estrogen and helps eggs mature. luteinizing hormone (LH) makes the ovaries release a mature egg and stimulates the development of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone

provides an internal control that regulates hormone fluctuation during the three phases of the menstrual cycle

• menstrual: shedding of endometrium; estrogen and progesterone

  decrease and hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to release FSH

• proliferative: increased FSH; thickening of endometrium, follicle maturation and ovulation

• secretory: corpus luteum development and further thickening of endometrium

• increased desire and interest at the time of ovulation

• avoidance (though not necessary medically)

• includes:

  • pre-menstrual syndrome: physical discomfort and emotional irritability prior to

    • menstruation (80%-95% of women)

    • dysmenonrrhea: painful meses

    • amenorrhea: no menses (e.g. during pregnancy, athletes)

diet and exercise

• climacteric: physiological changes during transition period of fertility to infertility

• perimenopause: time before menopause

• menopause: cessation of menstruation

physical characteristics other than genitals that distinguish males from females

produce milk

darker area of the breasts

located in the center of the areola

breast self-examination

mammography

• cysts: fluid filled sacs

• fibroadenmas: solid, round, benign tumors

• malignant tumors

treatments for breast cancer may include surgery, chemo, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy

age, family history, certain genetic mutations, hormonal factors, lifestyle factors (alcohol consumption and lack of physical activity)

is performed to restore the shape and appearance of the breast after a mastectomy or lumpectomy

it improves the chances of successful treatment and increases the range of available treatment options

mammography, clinical breast exams, self-exams. regular screenings and awareness of changes in the breast are crucial for early diagnosis

• is made up of blood, vessels, fibrous, tissue, and 3 parallel cylinders of spongy tissue

  • not a lot of muscle (misconception), through more muscle at base for ejection of semen and urine through the urethra

• a loose strip of skin on the underside of the penis running between the glans and the shaft

  • is particularly responsive to stimulation

  • strengthening musculature around the penis

• the rim of the glans and the penis

  • is particularly responsive to stimulation

  • ridge where the glans rise abruptly from the shaft

foreskin, glans (head), shaft (longer portion), and root (attached to pelvis)

cavernous bodies (2 larger cylinders); spongy body (3rd cylinder, extends to form the glands); and the penile urethra

pouch of skin of external male genitals that encloses the testes

male gonads that produces sperm and sex hormones

undescended testis; address by 6 months or could lead to infertility (sperm remains at body temp) or risk for testicular cancer

covers some or all of glans; can be retracted fairly easily

the removal of the foreskin

• pros:

  • hygienic values and increased HIV protection

• cons:

  • possibility of unknown function, altered function and trauma for newborns

• rates of circumcisions vary widely around the world

• AAP moderate opposition

  • benefits slighting outweigh risks

  • data not significant to recommend routine procedure

thin, coiled structures in the testis in which sperm are produced

structure along the back of each testis in which sperm maturation occurs

contains sperm-carrying tube (vas deferens) and blood vessels, nerves, and cremasteric muscle fibers, that influence testis position

• sperm-carrying tubes that begins at the testis and end at the urethra

  • sperm held in the epididymis eventually drain into the vas deferens

• male sterilization procedure

  • involves removing section from each vas deferens

• small glands adjacent to terminals of vas deferens

  • secretes an alkaline fluid (conducive to sperm motility) that constitutes the greatest portion of volume of seminal fluid released during ejaculation (70%)

• gland located at the base of the bladder

• both ejaculatory duct and urethra pass through

• produces about 30% of the seminal fluid released during ejaculation

• pea-sized glands located alongside the urethra base

• secretes alkaline fluid during sexual arousal (may have sperm)

• volume is about one teaspoon

• 100 - 500 million sperm per ejaculation

• coordinated by autonomic nervous system

  • arteries leading to the three erectile cylinders in the penis expand

  • blood outflow cannot keep up with inflow

• capacity for erection is present at birth

  • common for infant boys

injects come simultaneously from thoughts and physical stimulation