Chapter 9: Kinds of Research

A gene that helps to tell the brain how to grow.

________ discovered that Parkinsons was caused by the depletion of dopamine using rabbits & mice.

________ is expected to uncover the function & sequence of all 20, 000+ genes (exome).

________ (EEG): electrodes are placed on the head and record the electrical activity of the brain in response to a variety of stimuli and activities.

________ break down at a slower rate and do not require a nearby particle accelerator.

________ were important for studying learning and memory.

________ reveal the precise extent of tumors fast and vividly.

________ of a portion of chromosome 16 can lead to many neurological symptoms.

________- related optical signal: records how light scatters in response to fast cellular changes that arise when neurons fire.

________ are being used to understand what factors change after a certain age to prevent rewiring.

________ did work on learning and memory.

________: gene that is abnormal in those with fragile X syndrome.

________: gene that causes retinoblastoma.

________ (MEG): reveals the source of weak magnetic fields emitted by neurons.

________ can characterize changing patterns of neural activity down to milliseconds.

Staining techniques helped scientists look at pathways and connections to make road ________ connections.

________ have transparent fertilized eggs, so they are good models for developmental neuroscience research.

________ (MRS)- uses the same machinery as an MRI but measures the concentration of specific chemicals in different parts of brain.

________ are placed on the head.

The ________ shows up in the brain in proportion to how hard local neurons are working.

Many vertebrate ________ are genetically and biochemically similar to humans.

________: relies on shining weak lasers through the skull to see brain activity.

________ can affect brain systems concerned with learning and memory.

________- the study of electrical properties of neurons.

The ________ communicates with the nucleus accumbens (an area next to the bottom of the midbrain).

________ have a less complex nervous system, but they and humans share many features.

________ and cats were very important models for studying vision and other senses.

A rare, multi-system syndrome that is characterized by many different abnormalities including skeletal abnormalities, short stature, and varying levels of intellectual disability.

________: a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of many benign tumors in the body.

________ (fMRI): compares brain activity under resting and active conditions.

________: the vision of one eye is greatly reduced because the eyes do not work well together.

________: gene thatcauses Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

________ were also used to learn more about the human nervous system.

________: sections of DNA that code for a product.

________ magnetic stimulation (TMS): induces electrical impulses in brain by altering magnetic fields through an electromagnetic coil held against the scalp that emits powerful magnetic pulses.

After the ________ transported within neurons, methods have been developed to visualize brain activity and precisely track nerve fiber connections within an animals nervous system.

________ are long, spiraling, double helixes arranged in 46 chromosomes.

________ (PET)- a scanning technique based on the detection of radioactivity emitted when positrons undergo radioactive decay in the brain.

________ allows scientists to measure the changes in the release of some neurotransmitters.

________: takes advantage of diffusion rates of water and shows connections in the brain.

________ (MRI)- a non- invasive scanning technique that provides a high- quality 3D image of organs and structures.

________: used to create brain activity maps.

Information from ________ and fMRI can show the correlation between a brain region and behavior.

________: a drug that gets converted to dopamine in the brain.

________ helped scientists understand more about how drugs affect the brain and what happens while people are working on different activities (learning, language)

________ syndrome: a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the way the brain develops.

________: errors in the sequence and /or amount of DNA.

Can be used to pinpoint the relationship between a(n) ________ and behavior or cognitive process.

________: positively- charged anti- electrons.

________ is used to investigate the role of specific brain regions during behavior.

A drug that gets converted to dopamine in the brain.

the sea slug

A condition where the vision of one eye is greatly reduced because the eyes do not work well together.

Electrodes are placed on the head and record the electrical activity of the brain in response to a variety of stimuli and activities.

Positively-charged anti-electrons.

An imaging technique that takes advantage of diffusion rates of water and shows connections in the brain.

Imaging that compares brain activity under resting and active conditions.

Imaging that reveals the source of weak magnetic fields emitted by neurons.

Imaging that relies on shining weak lasers through the skull to see brain activity.

Imaging that relies on shining lasers through the skull at near-Infrared frequencies.

Imaging used to create brain activity maps.

Imaging that records how light scatters in response to fast cellular changes that arise when neurons fire.

This induces electrical impulses in brain by altering magnetic fields through an electromagnetic coil held against the scalp that emits powerful magnetic pulses.

Sections of DNA that code for a product.

Errors in the sequence and/or amount of DNA.

A technique that looks carefully at the overall chromosome makeup of a person and finds out if segments of chromosomes or missing or duplicated.

The gene that causes retinoblastoma.

The gene that causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

The gene that is abnormal in those with fragile X syndrome.

A condition where individuals are missing a part of chromosome 22.

A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of many benign tumors in the body.

A rare neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the way the brain develops.