Ultimate APUSH Study Guide

First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company.

Saved Jamestown 1610. Brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas.

brought to Virginia as slaves, 1619.

1619. First elected legilative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia. Served as an early model of elected government in the New World.

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Puritans go to Massachusetts, 1630s-40s; due to belief that the Church of England was beyond reform. 15,000 Puritans escape religious persecution and economic hard times.

established Rhode Island, 1636; Believed in separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

banishment in 1637. religious dissenter---heritic--- who challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and settled at Pocasset ( now Portsmouth, R.I.)

English won at Mystic Massachusetts, 1637, The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Puritan war against the Wampanoag and Metacom (ie. King Philip) over land.

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Wave of hysteria swept through Massachusetts regarding outrageous religious convictions and proposed witchcraft. 150 people arrested, 26 convicted. this changed the dynamics of wealth because the wealthy were accused of witchcraft more often than the poor.

established Georgia, 1732. Buffer against Spanish Florida. Recruited debtors. Unsuccessful for awhile b/c he was strict, place for honest debtors (the poor who were in debtor's prison).

sparked the 1st Great Awakening, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God", He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.

1739 , The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Jamestown, 1676, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year.

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. STARTED TAXATION, and BRITISH OCCUPATION.

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Parliament's first direct tax on the Colonies; taxed newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, dice and playing cards.

the response after repealing the stamp act it stated that parliament has right to make laws without colonial consent

levied taxes on imported items such as paper, glass, and TEA; not "internal taxation" like the Stamp Act, however, the colonists viewed these as taxes and refused to pay them as well. Also created the writs of assistance to help people search homes for smuggled items.

Colonists started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials. This outraged the colonies and increased anti-British sentiment. led to formation of Committees of Correspondence

Sons of Liberty protested against Tea Act; poured tea into the Boston Harbor; result: Intolerable Acts (incl. Boston Port Act)

All colonies but Georgia went to this Congress in Philadelphia to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties; no talk of secession from England, craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods.

General Gage, stationed in Boston, was ordered by King George III to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The British marched on Lexington, where they believed the colonials had a cache of weapons. The British continued to Concord, where they believed Adams and Hancock were hiding, and they were again attacked by the colonial militia. As the British retreated to Boston, the colonials continued to shoot at them from behind cover on the sides of the road. This was the start of the Revolutionary War.

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

published Common Sense 1776; Patriot and writer whose pamphlet Common Sense, convinced many Americans that it was time to declare independence from Britain.

Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. The declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide. JULY 4!!!

Defensive alliance where US and France agreed to aid each other into the indefinite future in the event of British attack

Final Battle of Revolutionary War, Cornwallis surrenders to Washington

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.

Signed on September 3, 1783, the treaty ending the Revolutionary War and recognizing American independence from Britain also established the border between Canada and the United States, fixed the western border at the Mississippi River, and ceded Florida to Spain.

The Ordinance of 1784 - Old Northwest= territories, states when their population equaled that of the smallest existing state.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 - rectangular grid system of surveying; big land purchases.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - Created the territories (later states): Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The ordinance prohibited slavery in those states, and used funds from land-sales for the support of schools.

Rebellion led by Daniel Shay, of poor farmers in MA against the courts. They were protesting the huge debt and taxes they incurred as well as the system of a debtors prison. Although the rebellion was suppressed, the MA legislature passed debtor relief laws.

revised the AOC to include a congress and a house, the 3/5 compromise, no more importation of slaves in 20 years, and the creation of an electorial college. strengthened the central government, created presidency, and the creation of the senate and the house. Supported by Federalists.

Published 1789. , Series of newspaper articles written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

1st Secretary of Treasury 1789; He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

established first textile mill 1790; , He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton spinning machine.

created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. Drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

1793, , a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney, More cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields

Washington believed the U.S. was not strong enough to interfere with European conflicts and, in response to French Revolution, proclaimed the U.S. would not interfere in anything. It made country isolated and Jefferson resigned.

One of the first domestic taxes was on whiskey which angered farmers because the liquid form of wheat was whiskey. Hamilton convinced Washington that federal authority was being challenged and to send troops, which he did. Showed strength of Constitution!

1793; Two term precedent, Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

When the U.S. wanted an end to French harrassment of American shipping, French representatives demanded a bribe from the U.S. just to open negotiations with French Minister Talleyrand. The U.S. refused bribes and suspended trade with the French and led to the creation of the American Navy.

Contains four parts: 1. Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2. Alien Act-gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3. Alien Enemies Act-permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to.(No arrests made) 4. The Sedition Act-key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Silence Republican opposition to Adam's administration. Many people were fined and jailed under the Sedition Act. Jefferson and Madison believed the acts were violations of the First Amendment. Expired March 1801.

1798-99, Reaction to Alien and sedtition axts, jefferson writes a series of resolutions to b adopted by legislatiure of kentucky. Stated that if the fed govn. puts up a law, the states can claim it unconstitutions. madison writes one smilar that is passed by virginia

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence.

Sec. of State James Madison held up (Midnight Judge) William Marbury. This case cleared up controversy over who had final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, the Supreme Court did. This is judicial review.

1806; , A group of extreme Federalists who wanted to secede from the U.S. and form a Northern Confederacy because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase

1807; Aaron Burr was in trial for treason because he killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.

1807; Jefferson makes trade with Britain and France illegal. This act destroys the American economy and hurts manufacturers who live in the Northeast as well as Southern farmers.

(JM), 1812-1815, Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (Leopard on Chesapeake), Embargo Act

A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. Discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S., turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.

Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.

Famous battle the occurred AFTER the War of 1812 is finished ironically. Battle that made Andrew Jackson a war hero- he was able to bring together americans and inspire them to fight the Brits.

Program of internal improvements and protective tariffs promoted by Speaker of the House Henry Clay in his presidential campaign of 1824.

1815-24, A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Made Spain cede all of Florida to the U.S.and give up its claim to the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. In return America gave up its claims to Texas.

Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.

The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state to preserve balance.Line created, all states north of that line must be free states (except MO).

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

1830; A veto by Jackson that prevented the Maysville road from being funded by federal money since it only benefited Kentucky. This was a blow to Clay's American System, and it irritated the West.

1830; Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Slave uprising in Virginia designed to spread terror among whites to protest slavery. Caused a revision to the slave code laws throughout the south. Turner was an educated slave (as encouraged by his master). 100 slaves were killed in the aftermath of the revolt; Turner was captured and executed. Consequence: Southerners defended slavery more vigorously, and slave codes were strengthened in response.

1832-33; Jackson's Presidency; started by South Carolina opposition to the tariffs leveled in 1828 and 1832 by Jackson supporters. "Nullifiers" thought that a state could nullify a federal law within its own borders if it so desired. When South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, announced its intention to nullify the tariffs in the fall of 1832, it touched off what almost developed into a civil war, as Jackson massed military resources on the state's borders. Finally resolved in the spring of 1833 when South Carolina agreed to a new fairer tariff passed by Congress.

it was the only nationwide bank and, along with its president Nicholas Biddle, exerted tremendous influence over the nation's financial system. Jackson viewed the Second Bank of the United States as a monopoly since it was a private institution managed by a board of directors, and in 1832 he vetoed the renewal of its charter. He then creates pet banks.

Santa Anna made himself dictator of Mexico in 1834. Settlers declared independence from Mexico in 1836 and chose Sam Houston to command the military. Alamo: 1836.

As a result of Jackson's economic policies, the United States went through another depression It resulted in the closure of many banks and record unemployment levels.

Mass. school reform 1837; Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

annexed in 1845;, President Tyler signed a resolution in 1845 that invited Texas to become the 28th state in America.

1846-48; USA had border dispute with mexico over the texas border ( rio grande) USA sent troops got attacked delcare war on mexico and defected mexico (USA won mexican cession land).

1846; Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.

migrated to Utah 1847-48; led by joesph smith who was eventually killed by an angry mob, moved onto utah, along the way they built roads and planted crops for the mormon travelers next season.

First women's rights convention in American History. Issued "Declaration of Sentiments"-declared "all men and women are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.By Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Series of legislation addressing slavery and the boundaries of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War. California was admitted as a free state, New Mexico was organized with popular sovereignty, the slave trade was abolished in Washington, D.C., and the Fugitive Slave Law was passed.

U.S. acquisition of land south of the Gila River from Mexico for $10 million; the land was needed for a possible transcontinental railroad line through the southern United States. However, the route was never used.

created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. Designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois.

a statement by American envoys abroad to pressure Spain into selling Cuba to the United States; the declaration suggested that is Spain would not sell Cuba, the United States would be justifies in seizing it. It was quickly repudiated by the U.S. government but it added to the belief that a "slave power" existed and was active in Washington.

Seven debates where Lincoln and Douglass debated for an Illinois senate seat. Split on issue of slavery. Lincoln stated the country could not remain split over the issue of slavery

Completely dedicated to abolitionism. , Led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek killing five people. Also lead an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia.

1860; the first state to secede from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860

Site of the first shots fired in the Civil War

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30.

This Act was to encourage more settlers into the Great Plains. The Act set aside land and provided money for agricultural college which allowed, eventually, for agricultural to become industrialized.

Lee's invasion of western MD (McClellan meets him at Antietam)
- tactical tie, Union strategic victory (Lee retreats to S)
- bloodiest one-day battle

After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln proposed to free slaves in rebellious states while allowing slavery in the Border States. It was an attempt to curry British support for the Union.

1863, the major Union battle victory in 1863 that led to The Gettysberg Address- Lincoln's declaration that the Union will not be divided

New York City in 1863. Irish American laborers attacked African Americans and others. 120 died

Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrended to Union general Ulysses S. Grant in this town in south-central Virginia. The Confederate surrender was the end of the Civil War in Virginia and marked the beginning of the end of the war across the South.

at ford theatre - by john wilkes booth

It was to be a welfare agency. It provided food, clothes, and education to freedman and to white refuge. Union General, Oliver O. Howard founded the program. Taught 200,000 blacks to read, expired in 1872.

abolished slavery throughout the entire U.S. with no compensation for slaveowners

1867; , When the land which became this STATE was acquired in 1867, many Americans thought it quite foolish. In fact, the agreement by which it was purchased was known as "Seward's Folly" for the Secretary of State who made the agreement with Russia. Name this, the 49th State.

Began 1867; Punish south, protect former slaves; US military occupation of South, Confederate military leaders needed pardon to hold office, protect Blacks right to vote

1868; Congress wanted him out so they created a bill called "Tenure in office act". He violated this and it went up on trial and it lost by 1 vote and he got to stay in office.

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories

buying out and controlling oil, rockefellor took hold of the oil trade and formed board of trustees. Had hold on oil prices and could raise or lower at his whim.

intended to extend right to vote to former slaves, specifically prohibits voter discrimination on basis of race