Biology Essentials Outcomes

The process by which favorable mutations in a population increase in frequency over time, leading to changes in the population's characteristics.

The process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, resulting in new combinations of alleles.

The idea that all organisms share a common ancestor and have evolved over time, leading to similarities in their anatomical structures and embryonic development.

A testable explanation of natural phenomena that is supported by evidence and can be falsified.

The process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle, resulting in two identical copies of the DNA molecule.

The process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

The process of cell division in which a diploid cell divides into four genetically different haploid daughter cells.

Chromosome pairs that carry the same genes in the same locations, but may have different alleles.

The process by which new combinations of alleles are created during meiosis through the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

The process by which certain traits or alleles become more or less common in a population over time due to their effects on survival and reproduction.

The state in which allele frequencies in a population remain constant over generations, indicating no evolution is occurring.

The relationship between alleles where one allele masks the expression of another allele in the heterozygous condition.

The change in allele frequencies in a population over time, resulting in the development of new species and the adaptation of existing species to their environment.

The theory that individuals are more likely to help their relatives, as it increases their inclusive fitness and the chances of their alleles being passed on.

A diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups of organisms.

A group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

The principle that the simplest explanation or phylogenetic tree is usually the most likely to be correct.

Similarities between organisms that are due to shared ancestry.

Similarities between organisms that are due to convergent or divergent evolution, rather than shared ancestry.

A way of defining and categorizing species based on different criteria, such as morphology, reproductive compatibility, or evolutionary history.

The physical and biochemical mechanisms underlying a trait.

The role of natural selection, arms races, history, and chance in creating or continuing a trait.

Large brains cost 2% of mass and 20% of energy.

The utility hypothesis suggests that large brains provide survival-related skills favored by natural selection, while the mating mind hypothesis suggests that large brains provide mating-related skills favored by sexual selection.

Making connections, understanding, and applying knowledge, excluding memorization.

Calculation of CFU/mL using dilution factor and volume of culture plate. Dilution factor is calculated by dividing final volume by sample volume and multiplying by the denominator of serial dilution fractions.

Cyclin regulates the rate of cell division and is important in cell cycle checkpoints.

Formula for measuring objects using stage divisions and ocular divisions. Calculation of magnification using ocular lens and objective lens.

Null Hypothesis states no effect/correlation/will be no change. Alternate Hypothesis states there is an effect/correlation/will be a change. Chi squared analysis determines if data is significant enough to support the alternate hypothesis. Calculation:x^2 = sum of ((O-E)^2/E). Critical value is compared to chi-square value for statistical significance.

Primary articles contain original data and ideas from scientific investigations reported by scientists. Secondary articles review and analyze primary sources in more depth.

FST = 1 - (average heterozygosity expected within populations / heterozygosity expected across total population). HS = (2p1q1 + 2p2q2)/2. HT = 2pTqT. Interpretation of FST values:FST = 0:no disturbance, FST > 0.25:significant disturbance, FST = 1:complete separation of populations.

Takes advantage of allelic variants of enzymes called allozymes. Genotype at a gene locus coding for an enzyme can be inferred from the number and position of spots observed on gels. Genetic variation in a population is the average frequency of heterozygous individuals per locus.

Phylogenies can be estimated by looking at differences in DNA sequence. The species with the most differences is the out-group. If no differences, it is the same species and should be drawn on the same vertical line. Length of horizontal lines may indicate the