Exercise Physiology

Entry points for air into the respiratory system.

Connect nasal and oral cavities to the trachea, ensuring proper air passage.

Rigid tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi, providing a pathway for air.

Branches of the trachea leading to the lungs, further dividing into smaller bronchioles.

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

The total volume of air breathed in and out per minute.

The maximum amount of air the lungs can hold after a maximum inhalation.

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.

The amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing.

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the thoracic cavity.

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, reducing thoracic volume.

Detect changes in blood pH and carbon dioxide levels, influencing respiratory rate.

Respond to oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs, forming oxyhemoglobin.

Oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen in tissues with lower oxygen concentrations.

A liquid matrix containing water, electrolytes, proteins (including albumin and globulins), hormones, and waste products.

also known as red blood cells, are the most common type of blood cell in the human body. They are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide.

also known as white blood cells, are a type of blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They help defend the body against infections and foreign substances.

also known as thrombocytes, are small, irregularly shaped cell fragments found in the blood. They are produced in the bone marrow and play a crucial role in blood clotting.

is one of the four chambers of the human heart. It receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.

is one of the four chambers of the human heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle, which then distributes the blood to the rest of the body.

is one of the four chambers of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.

one of the four chambers of the heart. It is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. It receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and contracts to push the blood into the aorta, which then distributes it to the various organs and tissues.

is one of the four valves in the human heart. It is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The valve consists of three leaflets or cusps, hence the name "tricuspid."

is one of the four valves in the human heart. It is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Its main function is to prevent the backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

Its main function is to prevent the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during the relaxation phase of the heart.

It is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. it allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, which then distributes oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart. It is responsible for returning blood from the head, neck, arms, and upper chest back to the heart.

is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart. It is an important component of the circulatory system.

are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. They are responsible for transporting blood to the lungs where oxygen is added and carbon dioxide is removed through the process of respiration.

are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. They are responsible for transporting freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

is the largest artery in the human body. It originates from the left ventricle of the heart and carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.

are blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. They branch off from the aorta and encircle the heart, delivering nutrients and removing waste products.

is a small group of specialized cells located in the right atrium of the heart. It acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart, generating electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm.coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles.

is a specialized group of cells located in the lower part of the right atrium of the heart. It acts as a relay station for electrical signals between the atria and the ventricles.

is a division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses. It activates during times of stress or danger, increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and redirecting blood flow to the muscles. It is responsible for the body's immediate response to perceived threats.

is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. It is responsible for promoting rest, relaxation, and digestion.

refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (number of beats per minute) by the stroke volume (amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat).

refers to the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart with each contraction. It is typically measured in milliliters per beat (ml/beat).

refers to the number of times the heart beats per minute. It is controlled by the electrical signals generated by the sinoatrial (SA) node, also known as the natural pacemaker of the heart.

refers to the gradual increase in heart rate that occurs during prolonged aerobic exercise, while maintaining a constant workload.

refers to the maximum pressure exerted on the walls of arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the circulation.

refers to the lower number in a blood pressure reading and represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.

refers to physical activities that involve continuous and repetitive movements of large muscle groups. It typically increases heart rate, breathing rate, and overall oxygen consumption. Examples are running, cycling, swimming, and dancing. These activities help improve cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and endurance.

refers to physical activities that involve holding a position or posture without any movement. It is a type of strength training exercise that focuses on building muscular endurance and stability. Examples are planks, wall sits, and static lunges.

is the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during intense exercise. It is a measure of aerobic fitness and is often used as an indicator of an individual's cardiovascular endurance.