APUSH - All About the 60s

• Black Natl - against white tyranny but split Civil Rights movement (Black Power)

• Malcolm X - changed the way AA community saw protests

• Charmichael & Black Panthers - paramilitary organization to protect AA from police brutality (some thought they were barbaric but they were actually the victims)

• Nation of Islam - black separatist group

• Eliohah Muhammad - leader of Nation of Islam

De Facto - segregation by practice

De Jure - segregation by law

forced busing of minorities allowed for all groups, suburbs/inner cities residents to attend school (De Facto)

Goal: to empower, mobilize young people (esp in civil rights) through non-violent direct action

Goal: challenge segregation with nonviolence, advocated for econ justice

• *Freedom Riders*

• March on Washington

Goal: challenge segregation laws, test/enforce federal laws, raising awareness, inspire Nonviolent Direct Action

• buses burnt by the KKK

• inspired by Rosa Parks

• MLK was arrested in Birmingham

• wrote Letter from Birmingham jail (criticized inaction)

  • addresses leaders, AA community, white moderates

addressed racial inequality & voter suppresion

• voter Registration empowers political rights

education & empowerment

• schools, AA history, Civil Rights

exposing Justice

• SNCC/CORE fight racial segregation together

A. Philip Randolph: protest segregation, lack of voting rights and unemployment

• blacks unable to get jobs in the Defense sector

• Riots prevented James Meredith from going to college (Mississippi) so JFK sent the US Army

• The Governor of Alabama stood in the way of black students from entering college so JFK sent the National Guard to escort the students inside

• prohibits discrimination based on race, skin color, routine of origin, gender, and religion

• outlawed Jim Crow Laws

• enforced 15th Amendment

  • outlawed discriminatory voting practices (adapted in Southern states)

• television viewers (favored JFK)

• radio listeners (favored Nixon)

• established NASA for Space Exploration

• New Frontier

  • support education

  • anti-poverty

  • increased medical care

  • decreased taxes

  • minimum wage raised

  • against racial segregation

  • increased defense spending

  • protect unemployed

Goal: organize and train 14000 Cuban exiles to invade Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro

Situation worsens: Soviet Union & Cuba closer b/c US failed attack

• started when the Soviet Union put nuclear weapons in Cuba

• JFK ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba and demanded immediate removal of the Soviet Union’s nuclear weapons

• JFK’s deal to USSR:

  • If the USSR takes the missiles out of Cuba, then the US will take missiles out of Turkey

• Oswald was the lone assassin

• but people believed the conspiracy theory that the CIA was responsible b/c they were unhappy with JFK’s failed Bay of Pigs invasion

• Medicaid (for low-income families)

• Medicare (for people older than 65)

• Head Start (break the cycle of poverty)

• Education Act (ensures that every school has resources to teach everyone equally)

• Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Urban Development

• Food Stamp Act 1965 (for low income families to get food)

ended favoring immigrants, family-based immigration, more diverse, economic advancements

Background

• 2nd wave of feminism

• post-war: women did not want to go back to traditional roles

Femine Mystique

• classic of women’s protest literature

  • pushed 2nd wave of critics (frustration expressed)

  • about how women did not want to go back to traditional roles

Roe v. Wade

• abortion legal in all states

• safe abortion part of reproductive healthcare

• advocated for reproductive rights

ERA

• 14th Amendment extended

• passed Congress but failed in 1980s

• greater opportunities in education and equal pay

• advocated ERA, argued for fair settlements

Education:

• 1972: affirmative action

• all-male colleges now open to women enrolling

Professions:

• two career families more normal in society now

Politics:

• Sandra Day O’Connor: 1st SC Justice

• Geraldine Ferraro: 1st woman on President Ticket

Sports:

• Title XI: guaranteed equal rights in sports

• Civil Rights and Racial Equality

• Anti-war sentiments/activism

• women’s liberation, new feminist movements

• environmentalism, sexual liberation

• John Lennon & Bob Dylan

• music about civil rights, social changes

• The Beatles

• Genre Blending

• African American influences (R&B, Funk)

• anti-war sentiments

• television (showing/seeing news)

• conformity, status quo

• did not want traditional lives

• kids did not want to live with their parents

• draft card burns

• conscientious objection (Muhammad Ali)

Leaders: César Chávez

• led the United Farm Workers

Impact:

• unequal opportunities, education barriers, unionized industries but still not enough until (ignited political movement)

  • faced police brutality

  • wanted education & political equality

  • youth organization: sit-ins, walk-out

• César Chávez: pensions should go up, farms union

• Reies López Tijerina: return annexed land from Mexico in 1848

AAPA: Yellow Power

• programs in colleges/universities

Impact:

• political equality: against stereotypes

• encouraged Asian American activism, history

Background:

• terminated laws of 1953: withdrew tribal recognition, encouraged assimilation

AIM:

• racial inequality, advocating for indigenous rights

• Militant Organization

  • faced police brutality

• “Wounded Knee”

  • SC: US v. Wheeler (1975): recognized tribe activity, impose taxes

Mattiochie Foundation

• documentaries, films, articles

• NYC sip-ins

The Stonewall Inn

• police harrassment b/c of gay bars

Impact

• people began “coming out“

• many voted for openly gay officials who ended up taking office

• Earth Day (April 22)

  • Wisconsin Senator introduced this to educate people about the environment

    • led to an Environmental Act

• National Environmental Policy Act (1970)

  • acknowledged that pollution exists

  • finding impacts on the issue

• Clean Air Act (1970)

  • established standard

  • regulate air emissions

• Clean Water Act (1972)

  • ensure water quality

  • maintain water

• Endangered Species Act (1973)

  • species of habitats must be protected

• established by Nixon

• to better public health

• protect and maintain the environment

• to reduce pollution