World History Exam

government, religion, writing, social hierarchy, culture, and arts

a pillar of civilization. law makers, taxers, resources, protectors

a pillar of civilization. existential questions, cosmology, morals and ethics, symbology, and factual

questions and answers to how we are. how where when questions about the religion

why questions and answers like why are we here and what is my purpose

morals are what you should do and ethics are what you shall do

transcends language. baptism, ramadan, crosses and Jesus fish are symbology examples

religion must be correct in peoples eyes

a pillar of civilization. pictures, alphabets and ideograms are writing. transcends time and space

a pillar of civilization. rich on top and poor on bottom. individual specialization

standardization of tools. the use of tools to manipulate the environment

10,000 BCE. taming and using animals for food, recourses, and clothing.

an ancient piece of land between the tigris and Euphrates river.

religious based government. government on religion

first language and writing system of mesopotamia and the epic of gilgamesh was written in this language

Worlds first civilization ever. Located in Ur, Mesopotamia.

Conquered all of Mesopotamia with the Akkadian empire

eternal life force. living after your body dies in Egypt. said that the pharaohs were eternal and help the current pharaohs

capital of lower kingdom. mentuhotep moves Middle Kingdom capital here because this is where the old kingdom tombs are. the closer the Middle Kingdom Pharaohs are to the old kingdom, the better they look. he's peace and stability

Memphis

amenhotep becomes obsessed with god of the sun disk Aten. so obsessed that he creates new capital called Akhentaten. changes religion to monotheism to believe in only Aten. bans temples not dedicated to sun god. he loses lots of land while pharaoh. when he dies his successor tries to erase all signs of him and changes everything he did

contained the ganges river and harappan cities

harappan cities with a strong centralized government. used grid systems, levees and brick walls

might be the oldest city in the world

indo aryans settle on this river

city of the dead

an epic poem about how a king should rule

language of the indo-aryans

earliest texts of hinduism written in Sanskrit

main god of hinduism. is in literally everything. is everything

god that recreates

god that destroys

first emperor of India who united India

come to power because of the chariot (military technology). Chinese dynasty

used to tell kings the answers to their questions only writing we have from Shang dynasty

immediately replaces Shang dynasty. took over because the Shang kings were immoral

said gods appoint kings. to lose the favor of the gods would mean you lose your kingdom. must act morally to keep kingdom and gods favor. used this as their why they were in power.

Crete

Mycenaeans

warrior people

most important city on crete. present for both minoans and mycenaeans

shared sense of Greekness

Greek soldier

rulers with no reason

Peisistratus the first tyrant and hippias who was the last tyrant of athens

wrote the very successful Spartan Constitution

created the athenian oligarchy and the athenian government

Persia conquers Ionia and sets tyrants up to run it. ionia is not a greek city, but the people believed they were greek. ionians ask Greece for help and only Athens helps. Athens and ionia overthrow the tyrants and Persia for now

Persian emperor who says he will conquer ionia. he does and appoints himself as sole king of ionia. darius threatens Athens and at one point does attack Athens at marathon. dies in Persia after the battle of marathon

battle between Athens and Persia. Athens are outnumbered nearly 3:1 but they still win in underdog fashion. Pheidippides runs 26.2 miles all the way back to Athens to tell the news of the victory.

son of Darius I. says he will burn, enslave the men, kill the women and children of Athens. also says he will conquer all of Greece. Xerxes does burn Athens down, but loses the war, but doesn't care as he's satisfied with burning Athens down

battle between Xerxes and Persia vs Greece. the greek army is majorly decreased with just some athenians and 300-500 spartans. Persia has 200,000 troops. king Leonidas takes Greece into the battle and their goal is just to hold Persia off until the rest of the greek army gets there. king Leonidas gets the athenians out of the battle before him and remaining spartans die. Xerxes goes straight to Athens after this

naval battle between Persia and Themistocles. Themistocles evacuated the people of Athens to the island of salamis. he tricks Xerxes and splits Persia's navy into a strong side and weaker side. Themistocles attacks the weaker side and destroys half of Persias navy. this battle changes the whole tide of the war

a highly powerful and influential aristocrat who was never elected archon

athenian philosophers

athenian leader who set up the athenian democracy. he overthrew the athenian oligarchy and gave power to the people

war between Athens and Sparta. 431-404,

massive battle between Sparta and Athens. Athens gets smoked and after this Athens goes to Italy

Persia decides to help sparta by giving them their navy, and this goes against pan hellenism and destroys everything all of Greece fought for in the Persian war

Mediterranean Sea

Etruria

arno and tiber rivers

Veii because it was the richest city

Etruscans

city of the dead

they were constantly fighting. fought internal and external powers

Latium

Latins

1. if you spoke latin you were given a home. 2. latin people could marry anybody from another latin city. 3. latin people could move from latin city to latin city freely.

two leaders of Rome

10 elected by you council of plebeians. their able to veto anything

originally old men who are advisors to the consuls. later took the power to pass laws.

patricians who would run for senate/consul positions. the oligarchs lead to conflict

everyone else

the ruling class of Rome

military parade

caused the first punic war as cities in Sicily asked Carthage and Rome to help against the other cities in Sicily.

attachments to Roman boats that allowed them to bring land battles to the sea. bridge with spike. reason why Rome won the first punic war

unfair agreement between Carthage and Rome to end the first punic war. said that Carthage would leave Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. they would return roman prisoners for free while they must buy back prisoners for a high price.10 years Rome can't attack Syracuse and Carthage must pay taxes to Rome

leader of Iberia and Carthaginian army. he was a war genius. hates Rome and in 218 BCE, Rome declares war on him. he smokes a lot roman army pack

appointed dictator to counter Hannibal. gets the name "Delayer' for his war tactics. removed from dictator for being a coward, then later brought back to keep delaying Hannibal

general who conquered Iberia and defeated Hannibal in Africa. given a triumph for his success and served in government after.

scipio defeats Hannibal in africa to end the 2nd Punic War. given a triumph and changed his name because of this

Carthage must be destroyed (said by Cato the Elder)

Tiberius Gracchus

Gaius Gracchus

he ran for a 2nd year as a tribune

ran for a 3rd time as a tribune

agreement between three people

Caesar, Pompey, Crassus

Pompey

Pompey

modern day Syria and Jerusalem

Gaul

January 10 49 BCE and treason against the roman republic

Cleopatra

March 15, 44 BCE. He was backstabbed to death by senators 23 times.

marc Antony, Octavian, and lepidus

Marc Antony

it gave money to all of the roman people and said that Octavian was Caesar's heir