Biology Final

atoms - molecules - cells - tissues - organs - organ system - organism

dorsal= backside

front side

brain

spine

stomach

lower abdomen

abdomen & pelvis

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

general idea

exact location

reactions in the body, requires energy

tendency of body to maintain balanced internal environment "Sameness"

occurs when the small intestine breaks down nutrients that are then absorbed into your bloodstream and carried to cells through your body.

production and release of a useful substance by a gland or cell

the movement of the digested food molecules into the cells of the body from where they are used.

structure of body parts (also called morphology)

the function of the body parts

separates the thoracic and pelvic region

cervical= front of your neck

cephalic= head

brachial= arm

pedal= foot

lumbar= lower back

buccal= cheek

divides left and right

divides superior and inferior

divides anterior and posterior

closer to the trunk

away from the middle

• Most abundant tissue

• Binds structures together

• Provides support protection framework fills space stores fat produces blood cells fights infection

• Composed of more scattered cells within matrix

• Made up of a ground substance and fibers

• Most have a good blood supply

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

covers all body surfaces

spinal cord

a group or mass of similar cells working together to perform common functions

chondrocytes

connects muscle to bone

connects bone to bone

fat, protective cushion, insulation to preserve body heat, stores energy.

• support and protection

• body movement

• blood cell formation

• storage of inorganic materials

epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medulla

saddle- thumb

pivot- lower arm

hinge- elbow or knee

ball and socket- shoulder or hip

hyaline cartilage, padding

support weight and movement

End of the bone

Proximal epiphysis - Closest to the bodys center

Distal epiphysis - Farthest away from the body

shaft of the bone

7 bones that make up ankle and upper foot

8 bones that mane up wrist

fingers and toes

membrane that covers entire bone

Small u shaped solitary bone in the midline of the neck at the base of the mandible

large heel bone

soft soft on an infants skull

jaw

C1-C7

Five bones in your lower back (L1-L5)

T1-T12

a passage of the central nervous system through the skull connecting the brain with the spinal cord.

involuntary, digestive

voluntary, skeletal

heart

as one muscle contracts, the other relaxes

the theory of how muscle contracts is the sliding filament theory.

the contraction of a muscle occurs as the thin filament slide past the think filament

the minimum intensity required from a stimulus to produce a response from a human or an animal

cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions.

made up of a motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by the neuron's axon terminals, including the neuromuscular junctions between the neuron and the fibers

muscles are composed of many fibers that are arranged in bundles

individual parallel muscle fibers within the sarcoplasm

thick filaments

thin filaments

the basic contractile unit of a myocyte

breaks down ACH

a neurotransmitter, a chemical that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells

sustained involuntary contraction

produced by cellular respiration

occurs in the mitochondria

the principle that under given conditions the response of a nerve or muscle fiber to a stimulus at any strength above the threshold is the same

muscles become small and weak due to disuse.

the amount of tension (or resistance to movement) in muscles.

• coordinate the body's system by receiving and sending information

• maintaining homeostasis

make myelin sheath that provide insulation around the axons

connect blood vessels to neurons

immune function, digest debris, kills bacteria

single long fibers, conduct information away from the cell

short, more numerous, receives information

12

31

junction between to communication neurons

• increase membrane permeability

• increase chance for threshold to be achieved

• decrease membrane permeability

• decrease the chance for threshold to be achieved.

pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater,

inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells.

outer most layer, blood vessels

no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web)

wrinkly, large part of the brain

frontal, motor cortex, sensory cortrex, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

emotion, planning, language, movement

movement

sensations

math

vision

memories, auditory, language

mid brain, medulla, and pons

visual reflexes, eye movement

heart, respiration, blood pressure

relay sensory information