Studied by 9 peopleTags & Description
gilded age
1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor
big business
term used to describe the corporations and monopolies since the industrial revolution of the late 1800s
robber barons
refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages; drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it
horizontal integration
system of consolidating many firms in the same business
vertical integration
practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
reasons for immigration from europe
escaping religious, racial and political persecution or seeking relief from a lack of economic opportunity or famine still pushed many immigrants out of their homelands
the journey to america
traveled in steerage, took over a week, dark, crowded spaces, weren't allowed on deck, diseases spread quickly
treatment at ellis island
eye and disease exams, often quick entry, detained for 1-2 weeks
treatment at angel island
thorough exams, racism (asian immigrants), detained for 1-2 months
old immigrants
immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from britain, germany, ireland, and scandenavia, or northern europe
new immigrants
immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe
assimilation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another, often the dominant cultural group
nativism
the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants
americanization
process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire american traits and characteristics
social darwinism
the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle
chinese exclusion act
1882 law that denied any additional chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate
gentleman's agreement
an informal agreement between the united states and japan whereby the us would not impose restriction on japanese immigration or students, and japan would not allow further immigration to the us
progressive era
time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform america economically, socially, and politically
progressive presidents
roosevelt, taft, wilson
theodore roosevelt
26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, safe food regulations, panama canal, negotiation of peace in russo-japanese war
william howard taft
27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the payne-aldrich tariff; he lost roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term
woodrow wilson
28th president of the United States, known for world war I leadership, created federal reserve, federal trade commission, clayton antitrust act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), treaty of versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, league of nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification)
muckrackers
journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform
triangle shirtwaist factory fire
march 1911 fire in new york factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers
timeline from seneca falls to the 19th amendment
1848 - seneca falls convention 1913 - woman suffrage parade 1916 - jeannette rankin became the first woman elected to congress 1920 - the 19th amendment was ratified
naacp
interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for african americans
black voting restrictions
disfranchisement, poll taxes, grandfather clause, literacy tests
jim crow laws
laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
plessy v ferguson
a 1896 supreme court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
susan b anthony
social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the national woman suffrage association
elizabeth cady stanton
a prominent advocate of women's rights, stanton organized the 1848 seneca falls convention with lucretia mott
carrie chapman catt
president of NAWSA, who led the campaign for woman suffrage during wilson's administration
sojourner truth
former slave who became an abolitionist and women's rights activist
web dubois
co-founded the NAACP to help secure legal equality for minority citizens
ida b wells
african american journalist who published statistics about lynching, urged african americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores
motives for imperialism
social darwinism, manifest destiny, racism (superior- white mans burden), new markets, more resources
attitudes towards imperialism
positive - expanded trade; heightened world dominance against - isolationist policies, immoral
imperialism areas of interest
global dominance, raw materials
presidential foreign policies on imperialism
roosevelt - expands us involvement overseas taft - advances us economic interest abroad wilson - champions democracy around the globe
uss maine
ship that explodes off the coast of cuba in havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the spanish-american war
rough riders
volunteer soldiers led by theodore roosevelt during the spanish american war
treaty of paris
1898 treaty that ended the spanish american war provided that cuba be free from spain
roosevelt corollary
roosevelt's 1904 extension of the monroe doctrine, stating that the united states has the right to protect its economic interests in south and central america by using military force
wilson's advisors attitudes towards ww1
maintaining access to allied markets takes precedence over everything else
americans attitudes towards ww1
strict and impartial neutrality
immigrants attitudes towards ww1
fought in the war on the side of the us; led to greater acceptance of immigrants in american society
ww1 propaganda
promoted war bonds, etc, got people excited and involved in the war
turning points of neutrality ww1
favorability of neutrality began to decline after germany's sinking of the lusitania
lusitania
british passenger ship holding americans that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by german u-boats killing 1,198 people
zimmerman note
1917 - germany sent this to mexico instructing an ambassador to convince mexico to go to war with the us; it was intercepted and caused the us to mobilize against germany, which had proven it was hostile
russian revolution
prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when czar nicholas II was murdered and vladimir lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism
war industries board
agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries
homefront during ww1
the us saw a systematic mobilization of the country's entire population and economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, ammunitions and money necessary to win the war
women during ww1
became nurses for soldiers at the front, took over men's jobs at home; this caused them to feel empowered because they proved that women could be equal to men
african americans during ww1
fought in segregated units; also worked in factories and unloaded ships
espionage act
1917 law that set heavy fines and long prison terms for antiwar activities
sedition act
made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president or government
schenck v united states
a 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during world war I; justice holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils
war & peace
this epic novel draws from letters, journals, and other historical reports and examines the napoleonic invasion of russia in 1812 through the eyes of five aristocratic russian families
ww1 armistice
november 11, 1918 at 11 am (11/11 at 11); ended fighting in ww1
fourteen points
woodrow wilson's post ww1 plan, most of which was rejected by european leaders following the war
treaty of versailles ww1
peace treaty ending WW1 which stripped germany of its economic and military power, bitterness over the treaty eventually helped strengthen the nazi party
opponents of the treaty of versailles
irreconcilables & reservationists
warren harding
29th president of the US; republican; "return to normalcy" (life as it had been before ww1-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal
the ohio gang
a group of poker-playing men that were friends of harding; harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves; they were involved in scandals that ruined harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved
the american plan
term that some us employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions; demonstrated laissez-faire economics
calvin coolidge
became president when harding died of pneumonia; he was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words; he was a true republican and industrialist; believed in the government supporting big business
postwar trends
american public was exhausted
america deeply divided due to debate over league of nations
economy was in a difficult state of adjustment
returning soldiers were unemployed and took jobs from women and minorities
1920s limits on immigration
the immigration act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the us through a national origins quota
1920s labor
employers and organizations wanted to do away with unions
compared unionizing and socialism as examples of the sinister influence of foreigners on american life
during the 1920's, organized labor lost more than 2 million members
kkk
ku klux klan - against blacks, jews, catholics; used terror to control them
henry ford
united states manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)
flappers
carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts; the flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s
the changing family
couples were having fewer kids since they did not need as many; they lived in small apartments in the city instead of on big farmland; a result of much urban growth
popularization of pastimes
watching tv, listening to radio, sports such as baseball and football
18th amendment
prohibition of alcohol
21st amendment
repealed prohibition
prohibition
the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the us by a constitutional amendment
harlem renaissance
a period in the 1920s when african-american achievements in art and music and literature flourished
bessie smith
empress of the blues
louis armstrong
leading african american jazz musician during the harlem renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians
duke ellington
jazz pianist and composer
langston hughes
a leading poet of the harlem renaissance; he wrote "the negro speaks of rivers" and "my people"
jacob lawrence
regionalist painter that learned his art in harlem during the 1920s and used simple flat colorful shapes to tell stories of hopelessness
causes of the great depression
credit buying, overproduction, less consumer spending, falling stocks
stock market crash of 1929
plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the great depression
margin buying
paying part of the cost and borrowing the rest from brokers
effects of the depression
unemployment, no money, homelessness, soup kitchens, closed banks and businesses
bank failures
caused by people rushing to withdraw money from banks after the stock market crash
dust bowl
region of the great plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages
okies
the farmers, who in the great depression, were forced to move, many moved to oklahoma
hawley-smoot tariff act
established the highest protective tariff in us history; raised taxes on imports and worsened the depression
bonus army
ww1 veterans who marched on washington demanding their $1,000 bonus pay before the 1945 due date
patman bill
authorized the government to pay a bonus to WWI veterans who had not been compensated adequately for their wartime service; was not approved
bonus march
event when nearly 17,000 veterans marched on washington in 1932, to demand the military bonuses that they had been promised; this group was eventually driven from their camp city by the us army; increased the public perception that the hoover administration cared little about the poor
rugged individualism
herbert hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance
election of 1932
hoover vs. fdr; two competing ideologies - laissez-faire vs. government intervention; fdr wins
new deal
a series of reforms enacted by the franklin roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the great depression
fdr's 100 days
maybe the most ambitious start to any presidential term; in just these few months fdr greatly changed the government's role in the economy
bank holiday
closed all banks until governor examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen
Note
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