Studied by 27 people- wwu -psych 220 -Seifert
What are the main hormones involved in the regulation of both feeding and drinking behavior?
ghrelin, leptin, and insulin
Declarative memory
memory that can be stated or described
nondeclarative memory
memory is shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection
The distinction between semantic and episodic memory
episodic memory is based on personal experience and semantic memory is more fact-based
how does patient K.C. serves as an example of the distinction between semantic and episodic memory?
he couldn’t retrieve personal memories from his past, but his general knowledge remained good
what is the structure responsible for generating circadian rhythm
regulated by SCN in hypothalamus
effects on eating behavior with lesions in the lateral hypothalamus (LH)
less eating
effects on eating behavior with lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
overeating
The main difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, with respect to hormone release
hormones sent to the posterior pituitary gland from hypothalamus for secretion but hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland itself
The distinction between the types of thirst
hyperosmotic thirst: detected by LPO and the AV3V
hypervolemic thirst: detected by baroreceptors in heart and blood vessels, kidneys and
most common causes of hyperosmotic thirst
cellular dehydration
most common causes of hypervolemic thirst
decrease in blood (vascular) volume
what are the stages of brain development and the order in which they happen?
1.neurogenesis
2. cell migration
3.cell differentiation
4.synaptogensis
5.cell death
6.synapse rearrangement
what is neurogenesis
mitosis produces neurons from non-neuronal cells, forming the ventricular zone
what is cell migration
cells move out of the ventricular zone and towards destination, they express particular genes there
what is cell differentiation
cells become distinctive types of neural or glial cells through cell-to-cell interaction
what is synaptogenesis
establishment of synaptic connections
what is cell death
selective death of many neurons
what is synaptic rearrangement
loss of development of synapses, fine-tuning
what is myogenesis
formation of myelin
How “Hebbian” principles influence synaptic rearrangement
Hebbian synapses grow stronger or weaker depending on their ability to affect a postsynaptic cell
structures and cell types involved in migration
subventricular zone to cortex along radial glial cells
how is cell death involved in brain development
a sculpting process in the emergence of other tissues
The brain regions that are most likely to undergo adult neurogenesisÂ
dentate gyrus of the hippocampus formation
What are the likely benefits/purposes of sleep
energy conservation, niche adaptation, body and brain restoration, memory consolidation
energy conservation in sleep
SWS: lowered muscle tension, heart rate, body temp etc.
niche adaptation in sleep
animals good at behaving under certain circumstances
body and brain restoration in sleep
SWS: growth hormone is released, glymphatic system more active to “clean up”, correlation between less sleep and health problems
memory consolidation in sleep
learning before sleep is enhanced by sleep, neural activity similar during learning and sleep
How does sleep tend to change with age
more waking, less REM sleep, first REM episode later
what kind of behavior does the hypothalamus generate
goal-directed behavior
what is the homeostatic drive/function of the lateral hypothalamus
feeding
what is the homeostatic drive/function of the anterior hypothalamic area
body temperature
what is the homeostatic drive/function of the ventromedial nucleus
satiety
what is the homeostatic drive/function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
circadian clock
what is the homeostatic drive/function of the lateral preoptic nucleus
thirst
what is the homeostatic drive/function of the anterior pituitary
stress
what is the homeostatic drive/function of the posterior pituitary
oxytocin/vasopressin
how does the hypothalamus affect the entire body
by releasing hormones
2 types of drinking behavior
spontaneous and deprivation-induced drinking
Which structures are involved in monitoring the concentration of the extracellular fluid
osmoreceptors in LPO of the hypothalamus and AV3V
what type of sleep does basal forebrain help with
SWS
radial glial cells
path-making cells critical for proper cell migration
Why ions (salts) are important in homeostatic regulation of water balance
composition of body fluid is like diluted salt water, cells will lose water in the saltier solution and gain water in a less salty solution
how does H.M’s case help us understand the structures required to create new declarative memoriesÂ
H.M had his hippocampus taken out and was unable to create new long-term declarative memories
how do animal studies help us understand the structures required to create new declarative memories
gradations of taking parts of the brain out or lesioning them and shows us the affects had on performance
How does the case of N.A help us understand the structures required to create new declarative memories
showed us that damage to the diencephalon with the hippocampus still intact can still damage declarative memory
basic architecture of sleep
Non-REM sleep and REM sleep
main distinctions between different kinds of sleep
different brain activity patterns, eye movement, muscle activity etc.
In neurogenesis, cells that give rise to neurons divide in via mitosis, which takes place within the _______ zone inside the neural tube.
ventricular
which process only occurs for a limited extent after birth
neurogenesis
in the human cerebral cortex, the pruning of dendrites and axon terminals occur last in the
prefrontal cortex
if one eye of a kitten is occluded during a sensitive period is the response to visual stimuli in that eye later decreased or increased
decreased
example of epigenetics
Mothering style affecting developing brain
significance of a set zone, as opposed to set point in thermoregulation
wide variety of conditions animals face build up a tolerance or set zone instead of a precise set point more adaptable
osmotic pressure
tendency of solvent to move across the membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane
when an animal loses a lot of blood there’s a tendency of the baroreceptors to signal what
thirst
what occurs in rats with LH lesions
decreased food intake, lower weight set point, eventual stabilization of body weight and food intake
what does the activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus do
suppress hunger
when deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are…
a little longer than 24 hours
the molecular clock is influenced by…
light
is students academic performance better or worse is school starts later because of the shifts of circadian rhythms around puberty
better
what does reticular formation/pons help with
waking and getting going
what type of sleep does locus coeruleus help with
REM sleep
How genome contributes to expressed phenotypesÂ
genetic disorders, inheritance, variation etc.
how environment contributes to expressed phenotypes
 social and cultural influences/experiences
The general features of homeostatic mechanisms
control center, receptors and effectors
how does cortical thinning factor into brain development
during postnatal brain development in the primary sensory areas of the cortex
how does myelination factor into brain development
usually occurs during the first few months after birth
how neural proliferation is involved in brain development
neural plates form neural grooves by folding, this fuses and creates the neural tube
structures and cell types involved in neural proliferation
roof plate and floor plate,
Note
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