Cellular Respiration

All Oxygen using organisms must release energy through cellular respiration.

The energy comes from cellular resiration, and breaking down glucose.

Cells have to continually convert ADP molevules back into ATP, through cellular respiration

C6H1206 + 6(O2) → 6(H20) + 6(CO2) + ATP + heat energy

Doing that produces more ATP than needed to create it. (18ish → 38 ATP)

Physical process that allows animals + humans to come into contant with gasses in the air

Chemical process that releases energy from organic compounds(food), gradually converting it into energy stored in ATP molcules.

… makes our bodies warm

Cells use them to carry out life processes

It slowly releases energy from it through several pathways(processess)

Glycolysis releases 2 ATP and occurs in cytoplasm. Also turns glucose (6-C) into 2 Pyruvic Acids (3-C). Also produces NADH (carries hydrogen)

Then the Pyruvate goes to the mitochondira →Krebs cycle → ETC/Oxidated Phosphorelation.

Then Alchaholic fermantation or Lactic Acid Fermentation happens.

Citrate

Pyruvate

No oxygen, a process that doesnt need oxygen

Needs oxygen, a process that needs oxygen.

Product from Glycolysis. Is 2 pyruvic acid molecules which have 3 Carbon each. Meaning it has 6 Carbon, same amount as glucose

Similar to NADPH and carries Hydrogen and electrons.

carries electrons and Hydrogen

oxidized form of FADH2

oxidized form of NADH

Yes it does not require oxygen.

Sort of. It is considered aerobic even though the reaction does not use oxygen because the materials needed are produced with oxygen.

Yes it is aerobic.

glycosis + Krebs cycle + ETC → pretty much reversed version of photosynthesis

… extract the energy slowly to avoid chemical explosion

occurs in the cystol of the cytoplasm. uses 2 ATP and produces 4 ATP. net gain of 2 ATP. Is very fast, does not require oxygen and can supply energy to cells when oxygen is not avaliable

C6H12O6 + 2(NAD+) + 2(P) + 2(ADP) → 2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2 ATP

1. cells avaliable NAD+ molecules become filled up with electorns

2. glycolysis shuts down → can’t proceed without NAD+ molecules

3. ATP production stops

glycolysis evolved before other stages bc other stages need oxygen

there was no oxygen on earth 4 billion years ago

no oxygen→ anaerobic respiration

photosynthesizing bacteria adds oxygen → aerobic organisms

inner membrane folded (increases surface area)

inner membrane space between outer + inner membrane

90% of chemical energy is still unsed locked in electrons of pyruvic acid which will later be extracted by oxygen, the world’s most powerful electron receptor.

2nd stage of cellular respiration

named after Hans Krebs, british biochemist in 1937

Acetyl CoA is broken down into CO2 through reactions

Citric Acid is 1st compound forme so cycle is sometimes called the Citric Acid cycle

2, 3 carbon ppyruvate and then 6 carbon molebules

the ETC after they are produced

After glycosis, the 2 pyruvate enters the mitochondiral matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA which goes into the Krebs Cycle.

2 NADH, 2Acetyl CoA.

30-34

If the electrons are not picked up by the oxygen and hydrogen to from H20, then the process will stop and ATP will not be produced.

NADH and FADH2 release electrons which are used to pump hydrogen through the the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Lactic Acid or alcohol + Co2 fermentation happens which does not produce ATP

1. After glycolysis when you don’t have oxygen

2. Converts NADH to NAD+ by giving back electrons from NADH to pyruvic acid

3. Does this so that glycolysis can continue

perform fermentation

Does fermentatio only when it is beneficial. Does both aerobic respiration and fermentation

Only does fermentation so it doesn’t need a mitochondria.

pyruvic acid + NADH → ethyl alcohold + Co2 + NAD+

Yeast uses alcoholic fermentation. Humans use it to make alcohol or bread.

Pyruvic Acid + NADH → Lactic Acid + NAD+

Pyruvic Acid becomes lactic acid. Happens when human body cannot supply enough oxygen to muscle tissues during excersize

Yes

Because glucose cant enter the mitochondria

The 4 carbon molecule goes through a chemical change which draws P to it. The P binds with ADP to become ATP.

Oxaloacetate is the starting and ending molecule

1 glucose, 2 ADP, 2 NAD+

Glycoysis Outputs

2 Pyruvate, 2 NAD+

2 Co2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyle CoA

(for 2 Acetyl CoA) 2 Acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP

(for 2 Acetyl CoA) 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 Co2

10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 O2

10 NAD+, 2 FAD, 34 ATP, 6 H20

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 Co2

Cytosol/Cytoplasm

Link reaction → krebs cycle → ETC/oxidated phosphorylation