Paper 1a

Paper 1 consists of 4 texts/images on the French Revolution as of 2023, for Paper 1 you are only instructed to look at two of the sources while reading to find similarities and differences (what the author supports, who the intended audience is for, are they trying to manipulate the audience into agreeing with their view). YOU SHOULD NEVER DO A INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH FOR ANY OF YOUR WRITINGS. Any opinions shouldn’t be “I agree” more factual only “It is to be believed”

Similar, difference (add direct evidence), answer the question (overall does it agree), conclusion/judgment: 4 paragraphs (15 points)

• paragraph 1, 1. how sources similar or agree 2. Evidence from source A, 3. Evidence from source B,

• paragraph 2, 1. How they are different or disagree 2. Evidence source A 3. Evidence source B

• paragraph 3, 1. Overall are sources more alike or different why, 2. Evidence source A, 3. Evidence source B (answer question). If reliable

Credibility (reliability): who wrote it does this affect their view. Who was the source made for (audience) (only good things of

their ideal in order to support the idea), why was it created (emotions to persuade), whichever source is most reliable that’s how you make the last paragraph on to the state of sources are more support or challenge the statement.

Paper 1b

Paper 1b you’re going to look at allllll sources.

(Support and challenge statement for all 4)

Each one and whether it supports, the strongest source first to not supporting. Each paragraph for each source, conclusion: 5 paragraphs (not opinion it’s the moral reason why you choose it) (25 points)

Ex: “Source A (strongly/ moderately/ weakly) supports the statement (prompt) by (evidence), if credible, why it’s strong or weak” “source B challenges the statement (prompt) by (evidence). Explain significance. Source A has some credibility issues due to (if in law they want money from poor, poor men only see what money is being taken out)”

Strongest support source first, you can group sources.

You want your grader to know what they are looking at and understand what your writing.

• paragraph 1, sources b and d support, give support and analyze credible for both

• paragraph 2, sources a and c challenge, give support and analyze credible for both

• Paragraph 3, overall sources agree with (prompt), evidence of how with credible considered

Or

Same paragraph 1 and 2

• paragraph 3, source c is neutral, give support and analyze credible. “The source is neural due to its credibility” paragraph 4 same

Remember:

1. If it’s support or challenge

2. How weak or strong statement is

3. Evidence for why it supports or challenges

4. Why it’s credible

Heres the set up one more time

10 min to read and annotate

20 min for part A

30 min for part B

a. similar, difference, overall answer question (more similar or different), credibility b. group together if support or challenge, add credibility, is it strong/moderately/weak support. answer question based on how credible.

I found that paper 1 to be more of a time crunch as very few actually finished writing so keep this in mind on time management

Paper 2a

For Paper 2 you are given 2 prompts for the following topics: Industrial Revolution, German Unification, and Russian Revolution. You only answer two of these topics, so you will have 4 answer responses.

A. Explain the causes of what is asked
Put 2 detailed causes and which cause is the most important

Paragraph 1- main (most important cause)
Paragraph 2- another cause
Paragraph 3- why the cause in 1 was the most important for the event in the prompt

(If multiple causes group them to economics and political) 15 min per question (30 min total for A’s)

Paper 2b

Support and challenge statements 20 points each
(30 min each). Support statement with evidence (historical events that you can evaluate and tie with your statement) , challenge statement with evidence, take a stance, clear and strong evidence (enough evidence since for both sides so both sides can be right)

Take a stance is when you judge with your own opinion

3 paragraphs

Paragraph 1- strongest argument, either support or challenge
Paragraph 2- the weaker argument, support or challenge
Paragraph 3- why is the argument in paragraph 1 a better answer for the prompt than paragraph 2

PEE (point evidence evaluation)

Paragraph 3 doesn’t have to be right just support and argue that it’s right

Overall more time on this one, I wouldn’t say to take your time but more like get your answer right over rushing and having 30 minutes left. If you look at past papers and wonder how you're going to write that much in such little time I was the same until the test came around and I ended up writing 8 pages, you just end up being in the moment.

MAKE A PLANNING PAGE. On your first page of the booklet have a planning page where you can just jot down any last-minute ideas, MAKE SURE TO MAKE A X OVER THE PAGE AFTER THE TEST IS DONE. If there’s no X the work will be graded. Bu the reason to have planning is that the grader may look over and see where you were trying to go with the writing and leading to understanding.

French Revolution

Only some history is needed to back up claims as sources are given to you:

1789: ancient regime (social classes, taxes), the estates general (the three classes)

Louis 16 in 99 tried leaving to Austria to Marie’s brother, got caught and executed

Napoleon threw over government in 99 became first council, more free freedom of religion, brought back Catholic Church with restrictions, crowned the emperor, battle of Waterloo he got defeated

British Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

• Was not just one revolution

• Products could be made by machines, not hand.

• Steam engines power not natural resources (biomass, wind water, animals)

• Improved roads, steam-powered trains, and ships

• Consumer revolution: people everywhere and England started to replace durable homemade goods with cheaper mass-produced ones

• 1750: 6.5 million population, 1800: 10.5 mill, 1850: 20.8 mil (more than half lived in cities)

• improved agriculture practices

• Commercial revolution (transport of items to other countries, exported imported)

• Financial revolution: landowner were now able to mortgage their land to raise money to invest in new ventures

• Slave trade: Britain sent textiles rum and good to Africa, slaves to America, suagr tobacco Cotton to Britain from these slaves in America (triangular trade) this funded new inventions to be made. But destroyed lives of many in Africa

• Britain abolished slavery in its own colonies in 1834

• But cotton textile industry was reliant on cotton produced by 3 million enslaved Africans in American south

• Rich and poor gap wider (factory workers lost jobs to machines) unhealthy work shifts

• Age to start work was 8 1/2, child new under 10 banned from working in factories

• Town and cities breeding grounds for diseases

• life expectancy in urban: 30-33. Countryside 40-43

• Poor nutrition lead to lower heights

• Later on free education, no child labor, improved sanitation

• Many denied the right to vote

-Thomas newcomers profuse of steam engine in early 1700s -James watt improved it -1830s and 40s was when industrial was huge -spinning Jenny: pain cloth and yarn -Luddites: British weavers who were fearful that unskilled machine operators would threaten their livelihood. They broke into textile factories to destroy the machines that “threaten their existence”

• during napoleonic wars (1803- 1815) iron steal and coal needed

• More urbanization, factories in small towns made towns large

• Low pay wages but long life threatening hours pollution was huge, bad drinking water, bad sanitation

• communication advanced (1837) William cook and Charles Wheatstone patented the first commercial telegraphy system

Russian Revoltion

• serfs are the land owners people (workers) 🚫🤑

• tsars held all power didn’t listen to anyone (autocracy) 💪

• Keeps exporting grain even during massive famine causing hundred of thousands to die (Russian famine of 1891-92) 🍞😵

• Tsar Alexander the second: freed serfs but owners mad so people had to pay backs owners for 49 years

• Serfs mad so blew him up terrosit- 💣

• tsar Alexander the third thought of his dad as weak and wanted more

• Thought minorities should be more Russian and only loyal to him, repressed religious people, repressed non Russian

• Okhrana: secret police force that repressed anyone who thought tsar was dumb 🚔👮‍♀️📷

• Alexander ll was great reformer, Alexander lll was great repressor ⚖️

• Nicholas ll was Alexander lll son

• Nicholas was sent to Japan to become more manly towards his dad

• Alexander lll had kidney inflammation so died before teaching Nicholas

• Nicholas was timid and easily swayed

• promised free pretzels and beer for his first meet up for coronation in Moscow, 🥨🍺they were starving peasants so there was a stampede left nearly 1500 people dead. 🪦(Khodynka tragedy 1896)

• partied with the French right after, tarnishing his image now named Nicholas the bloody 🩸

• the people wanted more rights even, so a small group rejected ideas and wanted communism

• Vladimir lenin intellectual middle class man, he was a jerk and would call you out on things he disagreed with, expelled from school for participating in student protest plus brother executed for trying to kill tsar 🔙⏪

• He stated he loved marx writings (different form of government) 👨‍⚖️which was punishable to be sent to Siberia ✈️🌏

• After exile to Siberia he went to Europe and spoke with other Russian marx lovers on how communism is amazing 😘🥰😍

• Communism was seen as a land where all were equal and workers weren’t exploited🌈

• Lenin wrote letter to Russia on ideas to try and change the people but few agreed on ideals 👀

• the communist (Russian social democratic labor party) split due to disagreements 🤞⛔️

• Lenin’s side of the communist party was the “majority” 🧍‍♂️or bolesheviks while the other part was the “minority” or Menshevik 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

• Menshevik even tho called minority had majority of people as they were less radical vs the bolsheviks had to be loyal to Lenin 🧎‍♂️👑

• Mensheviks we’re worried that with Lenin it could be a one man dictatorship 🐀

• Lenin kept writing his socialist newspaper waiting to overthrow tsar from Europe

• back in St. Petersburg: Sergei witte ❤️advisor and thought that Russia should start industrializing to catch up with Europe (factories or textiles) 🏭📰🗞️

• So sergei witte started up factories, workers had long hard hours with low wages 🚫💰

• Workers went on strike, peasants still poor, liberals still wanted reform, now workers wanted better working conditions 🎯

• Since Nicholas ll is a autocrat he’s the one blamed

• Nicholas thought that if they went to war the citizens will like him more (not to treat them right)

• He wanted to expand to china 🇨🇳, Japan wanted Korea but the emperor meiji didn’t want war and just wanted a truce to leave each other alone to do their own taking overs 🤝🇯🇵

• Nicholas ll didn’t see Japan as a threat, they didn’t know Japan was militarizing while they did their thing

• Japan launched surprise 🎉🥳attack on a Russian fleet at port Arthur 🐪they were shocked

• Went to war with Japan people like tsar they started losing people didn’t like that

• After losing to Japan Nicholas ll has been internationally humiliated 😎🌎🌍🌏

• People were on the verge of revolution

• 1905: orthodox priest 🙏named father ⛓️ gapon 🏝️, where he and some people wanted to deliver a peaceful protest, to give a petition for more freedom and better working conditions✌️☮️

• Nicholas ll ran from them 5 days before and had the army stop the peaceful protest before they got to the palace, the army ended up opening fire on them 💥💥💥🔫

• 200 civilians died and 800 more wounded ☠️, Nicholas didn’t instruct open fire but again got blamed as autocrat, was named as Bloody Sunday 1️⃣9️⃣0️⃣5️⃣

• peasants wanted land, liberals political power, workers demand increased, military mad for losing to Japan 🎯

• Some sailors of the army killing officers to fight back 🪖👿 so people and military don’t like Nicholas ll

• October: workers in marxists including one Leon Trotsky began setting up local elected councils Soviets👈 (coordinated strikes and supplied the workers)🪧🪧

• Sergei knew problems were arising, all groups against tsar but they weren’t working together. So he wrote a manifesto that would give liberals an elected assembly: Duma🏜️. They would approve Nicholas ll laws by the elected assembly 👍

• Liberals happy war over with Japan, so thousands of troops came back and dismantled the soviets arrested leaders and got rid of of peasant uprisings. 🪖🏠

• Nicholas ll got rid of power in the Duma 🚫👨‍⚖️

• 1905 revolution done tsar survives

-- Lenin had just watched now believed armed revolution of workers was the best.

• No more Sergei now pyotr stolypin 📌🎳as top man to tsar

• stolypin wanted to 1. Reform agriculture 👨‍🌾 2. Kill anyone who doesn’t love tsar after getting more food for agriculture

• cracked down on anyone who thought of the revolution- sentenced thousands to death and the news was called the stolypin necktie ⚰️🪢

• Lenin meets a man named Joseph Stalin 🥷where they met at a communist convention, Stalin was good at making money 🤑for bolsheviks (illegally (stealing)). Mensheviks don’t like stealing but bolsheviks need the funds for the revolution so they do the illegally stuff in secret

• Stalin exiled to Siberia ✈️

• Russian economy was looking good but then Nicholas ll became friends with Rasputin 🍾🥳

• Rasputin was a poor peasant, unlike others he had holy healing powers🔮, once in St. Petersburg became famous 📸

• Nicholas ll and wife were second cousins 👪, so son had condition where he would bleed a lot 🩸

• So the tsar asked Rasputin was asked to use his powers on the son, somehow he cured the son (probs just took him off aspirin), this lead to him being close to royal family 🤞🤞

• Rasputin was a drunk party lover, huge scandal in the news so citizens didn’t like that the tsar and his wife were being influenced by him 🍾🥂🍻🍺🍷

1914 WW1

Part 2

• Lenin hopes Russia would loose to Germany

• With the inefficient tsar government soliders we’re shortages of everything needed for war

• People more mad about losing this war then Japan since it’s a bigger one

• Russia starving since economy is declining, peasants mad 😠

• Nicholas ll wants to be great military man and control the fight , leaves Rasputin and his wife in charge ✌️🪖🎖️

• Nicholas declared himself commander in chief (going to front lines) 🤺

• People mad- wife is German while fighting Germans and some thought that Rasputin was taking control over the wife and calling shots as he could’ve been bleeppppp with the wife.

• “Nobles mad so needed to get rid of Rasputin, so they had a party that he walked into and he ate poisoned cakes, he survived and they just shot him, they tossed him into the river” what people think idk he kind of just died

• Nicholas looks bad again as not only autocracy but he’s the commander in chief now also, REVOLUTION PT 2; February revolution

• international women’s day women hungry 🥖🚫 so they go to the streets to riot . Men joined a day later. 250k people. Military are supposed to shoot them (gatherings on streets forbidden) but we’re also hungry and got tired of shooting. So they all mutinied in the capital trashing symbols of tsar.

• during this workers reestablished the Petrograd Soviet

• Politicians started to arrest tsars ministers

• So the tsar a Autocrat lost control of his capital city

• Hopped on train but was stopped before getting to capital. Liberals convinced the generals if Nicholas abdicated people will calm down 🚂

• So Nicholas had to step down

• No one to replace him since alexi (son) wasn’t ready too young

• Family line of ruling ended

1. 1905 rev (minor reforms) (Russian Japanese )

2. February rev 1917 (tsar removed)

3. Lenin’s revolution (communist utopia 🌈)

• Russia still at war with half of Europe 💵📉

• Germans thought if they helped Lenin get back he’d cause trouble for new government

• Workers were taking control of factories, shoulders fighting officers 🤼‍♂️👮‍♂️

• The liberals in the duma proposed they be in charge with the introduction of the provisional government 🏦🔋

• But during this the workers already began establishing local soviets (controlled by social revolutionaries and Mensheviks)

• they coexisted with provisional becoming official government while the elected Soviets issued order to workers and soldiers ✨🤝

• Lenin comes and says provisional government sucks and so does the Soviet

• so the the provisional government, secret police disbanded and death penalty abolished, even elections to be held

• So Lenin and the Bolsheviks came up with a slogan “peace land bread” ☮️❤️🍞to try and convince the somewhat happy people to join him (since they were still at war with Russia and hungry and peasants still wanted more land) he choose these as the provisional government hadn’t solved these 😈

• he wanted to give all power to the soviets and get rid of the provisional government

• Bolsheviks became more popular even some Mensheviks (Trotsky😙) switched sides 🎛️🤪

• provisional government lasted 9 months. Russia wanted out of war but kerensky thought to do the opposite “if Russians see more victories they’ll support the government”

• People were mad now since they were more hungry and economy dropping, people rioted and keresky opened fire on them

• Bolsheviks had none to do but since people saw them as better than provisional they protested under the name of the Bolsheviks 🙏🙏🪧🪧

• So kerensky now prime minister had leaders of Bolsheviks arrested 🚔🚔, Lenin accused of being a German agent (forced to flee to Finland in 🥸 )

• Kerensky success, people still mad so he promoted military legend to supreme commander of the armed forces : general kornilov 😎🆒

• General kornilov wanted to take over kerensky 😱

• Kerensky needed help so he had Trotsky 😙and Bolshevik leaders released 🆓and Soviet also go organize defense of Petrograd (capital) (1914-1924)(st Petersburg)

• so kornilov had power of solider but kerensky had the workers due to the Soviet

• So the workers: railroad workers diverted kronilovs men away, telegraph workers messed with communication, and forces infiltrated. We’re armed

• Kornilov troop fell through and he went to prison

• Trotsky 😙and workers were armed from this and didn’t want to give back the guns 🤳🔫

• Bolsheviks became popular, Trotsky😙 became chairman in Petrograd

• Lenin to return now, Revolution again

• kerensky 👨‍💼heard of this and started arresting Bolsheviks

• So Lenin and the boys decided to start the revolution right away 👏🧍‍♂️

• Lenin was back in Russia but was still in hiding, so Trotsky 😙was in charge (Soviet chairman), Bolsheviks then actually quite easily walked into key buildings in the city and took control, not much fighting no one really tried to stop them 🤩😮🚶‍♂️

• Kerensky had just escaped before they got to the Winter Palace

• Provisional government stuck in the palace As surrounded

• Lenin finally out of hiding

• palace was defended by bataleon of death but they immediately gave up and Lenin had won

• Provisional government gone

• Lenin in charge of Russia now 🙋‍♂️

• Set up council for people’s commissars: his own cabinet with him in charge

• Still held the votings from planned before but the Bolsheviks didn’t win (social revolutionaries won) he said the votes don’t count 😑

• Presented new assembly a motion to sign their power away, assembly said no, so he closed by force the assembly

• Lenin set up what looks like dictatorship, set ups secret police 👮‍♂️ again to hurt anyone not loyal to him

• Assasination attempt failed august of 1918🙄🔫

• Lenin and the boys still at war with Europe, promised peace 🇪🇺

• so made Trotsky 😙commissar for foreign affairs to negotiate peace with Germans, Germans gave Trotsky harsh terms since they were winning. A lot of land to be given to Germany (hurt economy)

• Trotsky says “no war no peace” so just not sign peace treaty but just stop fighting them

• So Germany took over even more land than before and we’re given even harsher terms so Bolsheviks had no choice but to accept 🤷‍♂️🤷‍♂️🤷‍♂️💸

• Petrograd was to close to Germany now so moved capital to Moscow

• People mad at Lenin (the liberals, the social revolutionaries, national separate in Poland, Finland and Ukraine, independent warlords setting up chiefdoms, anarchist rebels , the green peasant armies, the Cossacks, the Caucasian states, the Baltic states, the British, the French, the Americans, and the Japanese, legion of Czech soldiers (took over railways stole all gold reserves)),

• Russian civil war 1917-1923

• Anti Bolshevik white movement gain control of vast underdeveloped areas⚪️, while Bolshevik reds controlled industrial heart land🔴

• Trotsky 😙military genius, white army disorganized

• the red army came out on top 🏆🥇

• Maintains order at home Bolsheviks began red terror, secret police 👮‍♂️🔫would execute tens of thousands of suspected traitors, no one was safe from violence

• Not even nick ll - he’s been in vekaterinburg in house arrest (used to be luxury but after Lenin conditions bad) 😳🤴🔫

• Guards didn’t want white army ⚪️to get to nick, July 17 1918, they woke nick and family in the middle of the night then Bolsheviks murdered entire family

• Nick last tsar dead

• Red army victorious 🔴🙌🏆🥇

• new famine 5 mil starved to death

• Lenin have few strokes (stressed), health declined

• Communist party fell as Lenin fell, some thought Trotsky 😙would take over

• No one expected it but Stalin 🫨🤯took over “ a gray blur”, he was secretary for communist party (had power and could give jobs to people in the party), so Stalin gave better jobs to his friends to make more friends abusing power 😎🆒

• Lenin didn’t want Stalin in charge but was to I’ll to stop it, to powerful to remove 🛌☠️

• Stalin had remaining opponents arrested or killed

• Trotsky 😙was banished and fled to Europe. Assasinated by Soviet spies in 1940

• Stalin paranoid of everything different views of communism as Lenin actually believed in it

• led to Cold War

Overall sum up:

1905- bloody sunday (priest father gapon) , after japan war, witte inustralizationn

provisional gov came from duma people didn't like that, continue ww1

October manifesto- witte made it, duma created

fundamental laws - year after took back duma

February- when nick had to step down from tsar (left german wife and rasputin, losing ww1, people mad)

july days- when mad at provionsal gov were hungry, underneath bolshevik power, lenin had to go to finlind in disguise as Kerensky had framed

October rev: when bolsheviks took over very calm

Brest-Litovsk Treaty- stopped ww1 for russia to Germany

Youtube Channels to look at: Weave Rush History (the format), Daily Dose Documentary (BIR), English Heritage (BIR), OverSimplified (RR)

I hadn’t focused on German Unification as you only have to specifically know 2.

I HIGHLY recommended looking at past papers (papacambridge.com): look at the format, see if you can answer the questions.