development

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

(literally, "monster maker") agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child's reactions are observed

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver's return

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

an experimental method designed to measure the nature of attachment between mothers and babies

a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

clingy to caregiver

-developmental psychologist Harry Harlow studied infant attachment using monkeys

-found that preventing attachment with a real mother had long term effects on monkeys' behavior

-used wire frame and cloth-covered "mothers" to study the impact of nurturing touch, warmth, and food on infant monkey attachment

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

gender that admits to more aggression

gender that is more likely to verbal aggression

gender more likely to have social power

directive/democratic social power

submissive/nurturing social power

the social expectations that guide men's and women's behavior

a person's sense of being male or female

the way some children seem more attuned than others to traditional male/female roles

assumes that children acquire their identity by observing and imitating others behaviors and consequences

an individual's gender identity/expression that differs from that typical of their birth sex

How do experiences modify our brain?

In what ways do parents and peers shape children's development?

Peer influence on shaping children's development?

the transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence

the period of sexual maturation when a person becomes capable of reproduction

stage where you use brain cells or lose them because the brain stops automatically adding new connections and starts pruning away the neurons that aren't being used

the frontal lobes are still forming, and the adolescent brain is at its peak of learning ability, yet not fully able to inhibit impulses during what cognitive stage?

developed the three moral levels

the problem with kohlberg's levels

Kohlberg's levels are the only levels where what does not matter?

level where you avoid punishment, gain rewards for self interest (Kohlberg)

level where you desire social order and social approval (Kohlberg)

level where you affirm the basic rights of all people and their principles, where morality plays a major factor (Kohlberg)

we learn through our conscience

the older you get, the less pre-conventional

criticized Kohlberg because he only asked boys in the Heinz dilemma

-believed girl/boy responses differ for many reasons

psychosocial development (8 stages)

the first issue of psychosocial development where if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

the second issue of psychosocial development where toddlers exercise their will and independence

the third issue of psychosocial development where preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans

the fourth issue of psychosocial development where children learn the pleasure of applying themselves

the fifth issue of psychosocial development where teenagers find themselves

the sixth issue of psychosocial development where young adults struggle to form close relationships

the seventh issue of psychosocial development where people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work

the eighth issue of psychosocial development where people reflect on life to feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

name for trust vs. mistrust and age

name for autonomy vs. shame/doubt and age

name for initiative vs. guilt and age

name for competence vs. inferiority and age

name for identity vs. role confusion and age

name for intimacy vs. isolation and age

name for generativity vs. stagnation and age

name for integrity vs. despair and age

“remember to remember” ex: remembering to return a phone call

decline in cognitive function, affecting everyday life

progressive and irreversible brain disease, affects cognitive and physical function. if you have alzheimers you have dementia.

the culturally preferred timing of social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance