Biology - Unit 12

protective sheets of packed cells connected by special junctions, skin/stomach membranes membranes/lungs

heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

transports oxygen/nutrients/wastes, helps regulate body temp. collects fluid lost from blood vessels/returns it to circulatory system

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, liver

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes

influences growth/development/metabolism, helps maintain homeostasis

skin, lungs, kidneys, bladder

eliminates waste products, helps maintain homeostasis

white blood cells, thymus, spleen

protects against disease, stores/generates white blood cells

skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

acts as barrier against infection/injury/UV radiation, helps regulate body temperature

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles

produces voluntary/involuntary movements, helps to circulate blood/move food through the digestive system

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

regulates body’s response to changes in internal/external environment, processes information

nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendon

supports/protects vital organs, allows movement, stores minerals, serves as site for red blood cell production

counteracts change, returns to a set point

increases change from a set point

sensors fail, targets don’t receive messages, injury, illness

short-term: little/no harm

long-term: more damage, diabetes

no signal is transmitted, more Na+ outside, more K+ inside

moving electrical impulse

Na+ channels open: Na+ enter/ cell positively charged

K+ channels open: K+ exit/restore neutral/neg charge

neighboring Na+ channels open: + charge area moves

impulse reaches terminal, neurotransmitters released into synapse: stimulate next cell

detect stimuli, transmit signals to brain and spinal cord

receive signals from sensory neurons, relay them within brain and spinal cord

pass messages from nervous system to tissues

includes brain/brain stem/spinal cord, receives/interprets/sends signals to/from

controls thought, movement, emotion, interprets signals: forms responses: hunger/thirst/emotions/motion/pain

allows for balance, coordinates movements, maintain posture/balance, automatic adjust body: smooth move

controls basic life functions

midbrain: some reflexes

pons: breathing, pass signals

medulla oblongata: heart function/swallowing/coughing

controls reflexes, sensory neuron sends impulse, directs impulse to motor neuron: causing motion, not involve brain

nerve pathways that need to cross two synapses before producing response: quick reactions

includes four systems of nerves, sensory neurons detect stimuli: motor neurons carry signals to body: stimulate muscles/target

regulates voluntary movements, connects CNS to organs

controls involuntary

sympathetic: fight or flight

parasympathetic: calms body/conserves energy

personality/reasoning/judgment controlled, coordinates voluntary movement/speech production

speech interpretation/hearing, memory

visual information is processed

sensory cortex: interprets/coordinates touch information

CT: x-rays to view structure

MRI: magnetic fields/radio waves to view structure

PET: detects activity in brain: radioactive glucose

physiological need for a substance

less neurotransmitter leads to more receptors: generate more action potentials

more neurotransmitter leads to fewer receptors: less neurotransmitter can bind to membrane: impulses less likely, leads to tolerance

cause more action potentials, increase amount of neurotransmitter in synapse, decrease removal of neurotransmitter in synapse

cause fewer action potentials, produce neurotransmitters that prevent impulses, slow release of neurotransmitter that generates impulses

chemical signals, produced by glands, travel through circulatory system, affects cells with matching receptors

lipid, enter cell: bind receptor: bind DNA: stimulate protein production

amino acids, not enter cell: bind receptor: stimulates messenger: chem reactions: activate enzymes

growth hormone releasing hormone: pituitary release growth hormone

gonadotropin releasing hormone: gonads release hormones

growth hormone: division/protein synthesis/bone growth

antidiuretic hormone: blood to absorb water from kidneys

throxin: increases metabolism/digestion/energy levels

calcitonin: remove calcium from blood, ↑ bone formation

thymosin: white blood cells to reproduce/mature

epinephrine/adrenaline: heart rate ↑, circulate blood quickly

insulin: removes sugar from blood, ↑ sugar metabolism

glucagon: ↑ sugar production, adds sugar to bloodstream

estrogen: sexual maturation egg production/female charac

progesterone: causes menstruation

testosterone: sexual maturation, sperm production/male c

allow glands to comm, used in temp regulation, TRH: thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TSH: thyroid stimulating

affect homeostasis, treated with surgery/medicine, some prescription drugs can make pituitary overactive: indirectly cause problems.