Anatomy Quiz 1

study of form and structure

study one system (e.g. muscle, skeletal, etc.) at a time

study one region at a time (e.g. shoulder or thigh) - includes bones, muscles, blood supply, nerves, etc.

study of tissues

microscopic

• feet facing forward

• hands at sides with palms facing forward

• body upright

• head and neck facing forward

• all descriptions of the body assume that the body is in the anatomical position, "standard orientation"

cuts body into left and right sections

• flexion

• extension

• Hyperextension

cuts through the midline of the body

cuts the body into front and back sections

• abduction/adduction

• side flex ion

• inversion/eversion

cuts transverse to the long axis of the structure

medial/lateral rotation

horizontal abduction/adduction

protraction/retraction

pronation/supination

toward front

toward back

towards midline

away from midline

above

below

closer to body trunk

distant from body trunk

closer to surface

farther from surface

toward nose

toward tail

(small to big)

• cells

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ system

• Organism

• protection

• sensory reception

• Secretion/reception

• Secretion/excretion (sweat)

• Absorption

• Ion transport

• filtration (kidneys)

• slippery surfaces for movement (lungs/heart and digestive organs

• apical surface (faces free space/external environment like air/fluid)

• basal surface (rests on basement membrane)

• supported by connective tissue

• avascular

• highly innervated

• highly regenerative (bottom level of cells will divide and regenerate)

• many on a cell "beat" like a whip

• no cytoplasm

• move cells or substances (eg mucous) along cell surface

• finger like extensions that contain cytoplasm

• increase surface area for absorption

• glycolipids and glycoproteins on cell surface

• used for identification and communication

• like how the body knows what cells belong to us (eg organ transplant)

single layer of flat cells looks like fried egg/pillow

diffusion and filtration

• alveoli of lung

• glomerulus of kidney

• endothelium (lines of blood vessels~~)~~

• mesothelium (lines closed body cavities eg pleural cavity, pericardial cavity)

single layer of cube shaped cells (height = width)

secretion and absorption

• lines ducts and glands

• kidney tubules

• pancreatic ducts

• single layer of column shaped cells (height>width)

• may contain goblet cells (secrete mucous)

• secretion

• absorption

• ion transport

• line much of the GI tract

• lines some ducts

• some cells are ciliated

• considered simple because all cells reach the basement membrane

• has cilia

• numerous goblet cells

• looks stratified

lines upper respiratory tract, trachea, and larger bronchi

• 23-30 layers of cells

• apical layer of cells is flat (squamous)

• basal layer is cuboidal

protection

• skin

• esophagus

• anus

• vagina

• considered stratified (5-7 layers thick)

• top cells are dome shaped may be multi nuclear

distends also protects

• ureter

• urinary bladder

• urethra

• rare

• in glands/ducts

• protection

• exocrine and endocrine

• can be unicellular (goblet cells)

• multicellular

• secrete their substance in to a duct that empties "outside" the body

• ie sweat, digestive enzymes

• secrete their substance into the blood

• ie hormones into blood

• supports: lies underneath epithelial tissues, provides blood supply and nutrients, pads and protects organs, absorbs shock

• forms the basis of the skeleton (bone and cartilage)

• surrounds blood vessels and nerves, binds tissue together

• stores energy (adipose)

• transports nutrients and other molecules (blood)

• defends: helps the body fight against infection; major site for inflammatory responses

• repairs damaged tissue, including scar tissue formation

• few cells, lots of extracellular matrix

• all connective tissue develops from embryonic mesenchyme

• ground substance + fibers

• fibers = collagen, elastin, reticular

• fibroblast

• adipocytes

• macrophages

• mast cells

• plasma cells

• produce fibers and matrix

• most abundant type of cell

• looks like spindles or stars

store fat

phagocytic to bateria, dirt, debris, dead tissue, etc

release histamine, heparin, proteases

secrete antibodies

• collagen

• reticular

• elastic

• most abundant

• strongest

• thin/delicate

• made out of same protein as collagen fibers

• allow more expansion than collagen

• form mesh networks surrounding structures like capillaries

expand and snap back into their original shape

• holds fluid

• varies in form

  • blood = liquid

  • cartilage = gel like

  • bone = ossified, hard

• loose connective tissue

• dense connective tissue

• special types of connective tissue

• fewer fibers, more ground substance

  • areolar loose connective tissue

  • adipose

  • reticular connective tissue

• more fibers, less ground substance

  • dense regular connective tissue

  • dense irregular connective tissue

  • elastic connective tissue

most abundant connective tissue

• surrounds blood vessels, nerves

• underneath epithelia (serous membranes)

• in mesentery of abdomen

• supports and binds function

• holds body fluids

• defends against infection

• stores nutrients as fat

• contains all fiber types

• allows movement

large vascular supply

• energy storage

• padding

• shock absorption

• hypodermis

• surrounds kidney an eye

• found in mesenteries in the abdominal cavity

contains only reticular fibers in its matrix

• loosely filters fluid

• acting as a screen to trap bacteria and foreign particles

• bone marrow

• spleen

• lymph nodes

• lots of collagen fibers

• parallel to the direction of tension

• fibroblasts fill in the space between collagen fibers

• not as much ground substance

resits force in one direction

• tendons and ligaments

• deep fascia

lots of collagen fibers in many directions

resists forces in many directions

• dermis of skin

• capsule around some organs

• surrounds bone

contains more elastic fibers than collagen fibers

allows recoil of tissue

• walls of large arteries (eg aorta)

• specific ligaments (ligamentum niche, ligamentum, flava)

• brachial tubes in the lungs

• movement: skeletal muscle moves bone; move substance through an organ

• maintenance of posture (resist gravity)

• joint stabilization

• heat generation (shivering)

• develops from embryonic mesenchyme (like CT)

• contractility

• excitability

• extensibility

• elasticity

muscle contracts forcefully

cells carry an electrical impulse

muscle can be stretched

after being stretched, muscle tissue can recoil passive and resume its resting length

• skeletal

• cardiac

• smooth

• striated: due to the pattern of actin and myosin

• voluntary: under conscious control

• multinucleated

• blood supply: good

• ability to grow and repair: some

• striated

• involuntary: but cognitive thoughts and emotions can influence heart rate

• has intercalated discs

• blood supply: best (first in line for oxygenation)

• ability to grow and repair: poor

• quickly spread excitation

• allowing fast contractions

evenly spread force between cardiac muscle cells

• unstriated - different organization of actin and myosin

• involuntary contraction - slow and rhythmic

• smaller, fusiform shaped cells with central nucleus

• lines hollow organs

• blood supply: least

• ability to grow and repair: easily

• receives sensory information

• integrates and processes sensory information

• initiates a response

• summarized in a basic reflex arc

• high metabolic rate: needs a lot of oxygen and glucose

• "soft" tissue: prone to injury

• repair and healing depends on type of damage and location